Navy

A navy, argosy force, or amphibian force is the annex of a nation's armed armament principally appointed for argosy and amphibian warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne activity operations and accompanying functions. It includes annihilation conducted by apparent ships, amphibian ships, submarines, and seaborne aviation, as able-bodied as accessory support, communications, training, and added fields. The cardinal abhorrent role of a agile is bump of force into areas above a country's shores (for example, to assure sea-lanes, avert or accost piracy, buck troops, or advance added navies, ports, or bank installations). The cardinal arresting purpose of a agile is to annul seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The cardinal assignment of the agile additionally may absorb nuclear aegis by use of submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Argosy operations can be broadly disconnected amid bank and bank applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), and commodity in amid (green-water navy), although these distinctions are added about cardinal ambit than appropriate or operational division. Etymology and meanings

First accurate in English in the aboriginal 14th century,[1] the chat "navy" came via Old French navie, "fleet of ships", from the Latin navigium, "a vessel, a ship, bark, boat",[2] from navis, "ship".[3] The chat "naval" came from Latin navalis, "pertaining to ship";[4] cf. Greek ναῦς (naus), "ship",[5] ναύτης (nautes), "seaman, sailor".[6] The age-old accurate anatomy of the chat is in the Mycenaean Greek admixture chat 𐀙𐀄𐀈𐀗, na-u-do-mo (*naudomoi), "shipbuilders", accounting in Linear B syllabic script.[n 1]

The chat aforetime denoted fleets of both bartering and aggressive nature. In avant-garde accepting "navy" acclimated abandoned consistently denotes a aggressive fleet, although the appellation "merchant navy" for a bartering agile still incorporates the non-military chat sense. This overlap in chat senses amid bartering and aggressive fleets grew out of the inherently dual-use attributes of fleets; centuries ago, allegiance was a affection that unified a agile beyond both noncombatant and aggressive uses. Although allegiance of bartering argosy has little accent in peacetime barter added than for tax avoidance, it can accept greater acceptation during wartime, back accumulation chains become affairs of affectionate advance and defense, and back in some cases clandestine argosy are alike briefly adapted to aggressive vessels. The closing was abnormally important, and common, afore 20th-century aggressive technology existed, back alone abacus accoutrements and argosy infantry to any sailing barge could cede it absolutely as aggressive as any military-owned vessel. Such privateering has been rendered anachronistic in blue-water activity back avant-garde missile and aircraft systems grew to leapfrog over accoutrements and infantry in abounding respects; but privateering about charcoal potentially accordant in bank warfare of a bound and agee nature.
History
Main articles: Argosy warfare and Argosy history
   
This area needs added citations for verification. Please advice advance this commodity by abacus citations to reliable sources. Unsourced actual may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Navy" – account · newspapers · books · academic · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and back to abolish this arrangement message)
Fourth Style bank painting with naumachia (triremes), a detail from a console from the balustrade of the Temple of Isis in Pompeii, Naples Civic Archaeological Museum.

Naval warfare developed back bodies aboriginal fought from water-borne vessels. Afore the addition of the cannon and ships with abundant accommodation to backpack them, agile warfare primarily complex ramming and boarding actions. In the time of age-old Greece and the Roman Empire, argosy warfare centered on long, attenuated argosy powered by banks of oarsmen (such as triremes and quinqueremes) advised to ram and bore adversary argosy or appear alongside the adversary barge so its occupants could be attacked hand-to-hand. Argosy warfare connected in this attitude through the Middle Ages until the cannon became commonplace and able of actuality reloaded bound abundant to be reused in the aforementioned battle. The Chola Absolutism of medieval Tamil Nadu was accepted as one of the greatest argosy admiral of its time from 300 BC to 1279 AD. The Chola Navy, Chola kadarpadai comprised the argosy armament of the Chola Authority forth with several added Naval-arms of the country. The Chola agile played a basal role in the amplification of the Chola Tamil kingdom, including the acquisition of the Sri Lanka islands, Kadaaram (Present day Burma), Sri Vijaya (present day Southeast Asia), the advance of Hinduism, Tamil architectonics and Tamil adeptness to Southeast Asia and in annoyance the piracy in Southeast Asia in 900 CE. In age-old China, ample argosy battles were accepted back the Qin absolutism (also see Activity of Red Cliffs, 208), employing the war clutter during the Han dynasty. However, China's aboriginal official continuing agile was not accustomed until the Southern Song absolutism in the 12th century, a time back armament was a advocate new appliance to warfare.

Nusantaran thalassocracies fabricated all-encompassing use of argosy adeptness and technologies. This enabled the abyssal Malay bodies to advance as far as the bank of Tanganyika and Mozambique with 1000 boats and attempted to booty the bastion of Qanbaloh, about 7,000 km to their West, in 945-946 AD.[11] In 1350 AD Majapahit launched its better aggressive expedition, the aggression of Pasai, with 400 ample jong and innumerable abate vessels.[12] The additional better aggressive expedition, aggression of Singapura in 1398, Majapahit deployed 300 jong with no beneath than 200,000 men.[13]
Two Javanese jongs, one is a 6-masted address beheld from aft, the added is a 7-masted ship.

The accumulation and accouter amplitude appropriate to backpack a ample cardinal of cannon fabricated oar-based propulsion impossible, and ships came to await primarily on sails. Argosy were advised to backpack accretion numbers of cannon and argosy approach acquired to accompany a ship's firepower to buck in a broadside, with ships-of-the-line abiding in a band of battle.

The development of ample capacity, sail-powered ships accustomed cannon led to a accelerated amplification of European navies, abnormally the Spanish and Portuguese navies which bedeviled in the 16th and aboriginal 17th centuries, and helped actuate the age of analysis and colonialism. The abhorrence of the Spanish Armada (1588) by the English agile revolutionized argosy warfare by the success of a guns-only activity and acquired a above check of the Spanish Navy, partly forth English lines, which resulted in alike greater advantage by the Spanish. From the alpha of the 17th aeon the Dutch cannibalized the Portuguese Authority in the East and, with the immense abundance gained, challenged Spanish administration at sea. From the 1620s, Dutch raiders actively afflicted Spanish aircraft and, afterwards a cardinal of battles which went both ways, the Dutch Agile assuredly bankrupt the connected advantage of the Spanish Agile in the Activity of the Downs (1639).
HMS Victory, the oldest warship still in agency in the world.

England emerged as a above argosy adeptness in the mid-17th aeon in the aboriginal Anglo-Dutch war with a abstruse victory. Successive absolute Dutch victories in the additional and third Anglo-Dutch Wars accepted the Dutch adeptness of the seas during the Dutch Golden Age, financed by the amplification of the Dutch Empire. The French Agile won some important victories abreast the end of the 17th aeon but a focus aloft acreage armament led to the French Navy's about neglect, which accustomed the Royal Agile to appear with an ever-growing advantage in admeasurement and quality, abnormally in approach and experience, from 1695. As a acknowledgment to growing argosy access of the navies of Portuguese, the warrior baron of the Marathas, Shivaji laid the foundation of the Maratha agile in 1654.

Throughout the 18th aeon the Royal Agile gradually acquired advantage over the French Navy, with victories in the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), ambiguous battles in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748), victories in the Seven Years' War (1754–1763), a fractional changeabout during the American War of Independence (1775–1783), and alliance into accepted supremacy during the 19th aeon from the Activity of Trafalgar in 1805. These conflicts saw the development and clarification of approach which came to be alleged the band of battle.

The abutting date in the change of argosy warfare was the addition of metal plating forth the bark sides. The added accumulation appropriate steam-powered engines, consistent in an accoutrements chase amid armor and weapon array and firepower. The aboriginal armored vessels, the French Gloire and British HMS Warrior, fabricated lath argosy obsolete. Addition cogent advance came with the apparatus of the alternating turrets, which accustomed the accoutrements to be aimed apart of address movement. The activity amid CSS Virginia and USS Adviser during the American Civil War (1861–1865) is about cited as the alpha of this age of amphibian conflict. The Russian Agile was advised the third arch in the apple on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, which angry to be a accident for the Russian aggressive in accepted and the Russian Agile in particular. Although neither affair lacked courage, the Russians were defeated by the Japanese in the Activity of Anchorage Arthur, which was the aboriginal time in warfare that mines were acclimated for abhorrent purposes. The argosy of the Baltic Agile beatific to the Far East were absent in the Activity of Tsushima. A added footfall change in argosy firepower occurred back the United Commonwealth launched HMS Dreadnought in 1906, but argosy approach still emphasized the band of battle.
Dreadnoughts of the High Seas Agile of Apple War I.

The aboriginal applied aggressive submarines were developed in the backward 19th aeon and by the end of Apple War I had accurate to be a able arm of argosy warfare. During Apple War II, Nazi Germany's abysmal agile of U-boats about fatigued the United Commonwealth into acquiescence and inflicted amazing losses on U.S. bank shipping. The German battleship Tirpitz, a sister address of Bismarck, was about put out of activity by miniature submarines accepted as X-Craft. The X-Craft acutely damaged her and kept her in anchorage for some months.

A above archetype about-face in argosy warfare occurred with the addition of the aircraft carrier. Aboriginal at Taranto in 1940 and again at Pearl Harbor in 1941, the carrier approved its adeptness to bang actually at adversary ships out of afterimage and ambit of apparent vessels. The Activity of Leyte Gulf (1944) was arguably the better argosy activity in history; it was additionally the aftermost activity in which battleships played a cogent role. By the end of Apple War II, the carrier had become the ascendant force of argosy warfare.
U.S. Agile aircraft carrier USS Nimitz

World War II additionally saw the United States become by far the better Argosy adeptness in the world. In the backward 20th and aboriginal 21st centuries, the United States Agile bedevilled over 70% of the world's absolute numbers and absolute burden of argosy argosy of 1,000 bags or greater.[14] Throughout the blow of the 20th century, the United States Agile would advance a burden greater than that of the abutting 17 better navies combined. During the Cold War, the Soviet Agile became a cogent armed force, with ample numbers of large, heavily armed ballistic missile submarines and all-encompassing use of heavy, long-ranged antisurface missiles to adverse the abundant United States carrier activity groups. Alone three nations (United States, France, and Brazil) anon accomplish CATOBAR carriers of any size, while Russia, China and India accomplish abundant STOBAR carriers (although all three are originally of Russian design). The United Commonwealth is additionally currently amalgam two Queen Elizabeth-class carriers, which will be the better STOVL argosy in service, and India is currently architecture one aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, and because another. France is additionally attractive at a new carrier, apparently appliance a CATOBAR arrangement and possibly based on the British Queen Elizabeth design.
Operations
HMS Invincible sails appear the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War of 1982. The Falklands War was the better argosy activity back Apple War II.
US Agile admiral aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln adviser aegis systems during amphibian aegis operations. Navies may conduct aggressive operations added than war.

A agile about operates from one or added argosy bases. The abject is a anchorage that is specialized in argosy operations, and about includes housing, a ammunition depot, docks for the vessels, and assorted adjustment facilities. During times of war acting bases may be complete in afterpiece adjacency to cardinal locations, as it is advantageous in agreement of patrols and station-keeping. Nations with historically able argosy armament accept begin it advantageous to access basing rights in added countries in areas of cardinal interest.

Navy ships can accomplish apart or with a group, which may be a baby agile of commensurable ships, or a beyond argosy agile of assorted specialized ships. The administrator of a agile campaign in the flagship, which is usually the best able barge in the group. Afore radio was invented, commands from the flagship were announced by agency of flags. At night arresting lamps could be acclimated for a agnate purpose. After these were replaced by the radio transmitter, or the aflame ablaze back radio blackout was needed.

A "blue baptize navy" is advised to accomplish far from the bank amnion of its home nation. These are ships able of advancement base for connected periods of time in abysmal ocean, and will accept a connected logistical appendage for their support. Abounding are additionally nuclear powered to save accepting to refuel. By adverse a "brown baptize navy" operates in the bank ambit and forth civil waterways, area beyond abyssal argosy argosy can not readily enter. Regional admiral may advance a "green baptize navy" as a agency of localized force projection. Blue baptize fleets may crave specialized vessels, such as minesweepers, back operating in the bank regions forth the coast.
Traditions
Main article: Argosy tradition
   
This area does not adduce any sources. Please advice advance this area by abacus citations to reliable sources. Unsourced actual may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and back to abolish this arrangement message)
Ship's alarm of ORP Iskra II - Polish Agile academy alpine ship

A basal attitude is that all ships commissioned in a agile are referred to as ships rather than vessels, with the barring of destroyers and submarines, which are accepted as boats. The prefix on a ship's name indicates that it is a commissioned ship.

An important attitude on lath argosy argosy of some nations has been the ship's bell. This was historically acclimated to mark the access of time, as admonishing accessories in abundant fog, and for alarms and ceremonies.

The ship's captain, and added arch admiral are "piped" aboard the address appliance a Boatswain's call.

In the United States, the Aboriginal Agile Jack is a banderole that has the words, "Don't Tread on Me" on the flag.

By English tradition, ships accept been referred to as a "she". However, it was connected advised bad luck to admittance women to captain on lath argosy vessels. To do so would allure a abhorrent storm that would bones the ship. The alone women that were accustomed on lath were figureheads army on the bill of the ship.

Firing a cannon address partially disarms the ship, so battlefront a cannon for no activity acumen showed account and trust. As the attitude evolved, the cardinal of cannon accursed became an adumbration of the rank of the official actuality saluted.
Naval organization
   
This area does not adduce any sources. Please advice advance this area by abacus citations to reliable sources. Unsourced actual may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and back to abolish this arrangement message)
Ships
Typhoon-class submarines are the better submarines anytime built.
INS Shivalik is a stealth frigate of the Indian Navy
Main article: Argosy ship

Historically, agile ships were primarily advised for warfare. They were advised to bear accident and to administer the same, but alone agitated ammunition and food for the boating (rather than merchant cargo). Often, added ships which were not congenital accurately for warfare, such as the galleon or the armed merchant ships in Apple War II, did backpack armaments. In added contempo times, agile ships accept become added specialized and accept included accumulation ships, troop transports, adjustment ships, oil tankers and added acumen abutment ships as able-bodied as activity ships.

Modern agile activity ships are about disconnected into seven capital categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines, and amphibian advance ships. There are additionally abutment and abetting ships, including the oiler, minesweeper, convoying boat, abyssal and abyssal analysis address and tender. During the age of sail, the address categories were disconnected into the address of the line, frigate, and sloop-of-war.

Naval address names are about prefixed by an abridgement advertence the civic agile in which they serve. For a account of the prefixes acclimated with address names (HMS, USS, LÉ, etc.) see address prefix.

Today ships are decidedly faster than in above times, acknowledgment to abundant bigger propulsion systems. Also, the ability of the engines has improved, in agreement of fuel, and of how abounding sailors it takes to accomplish them. In Apple War II, ships bare to refuel actual often. However, today ships can go on actual connected journeys afterwards refueling. Also, in Apple War II, the agent allowance bare about a dozen sailors to assignment the abounding engines, however, today, alone about 4–5 are bare (depending on the chic of the ship). Today, argosy bang groups on best missions are consistently followed by a ambit of abutment and bushing ships bartering them with annihilation from ammunition and munitions, to medical analysis and postal services. This allows bang groups and activity ships to abide at sea for several months at a time.
Boats
Royal Canadian Navy's Orca-class convoying vessel

The appellation "boat" refers to baby ability bound in their use by admeasurement and usually not able of authoritative diffuse absolute voyages at sea. The old agile aphorism to differentiate amid ships and boats is that boats are able of actuality agitated by ships. (Submarines by this aphorism are ships rather than boats, but are frequently referred to as boats absorption their antecedent abate size.)

Navies use abounding types of boat, alignment from 9-foot (2.7 m) dinghies to 135-foot (41 m) landing craft. They are powered by either agent engines, out-board gasoline engines, or waterjets. Best boats are congenital of aluminum, fiberglass, or steel. Rigid-hulled inflatable boats are additionally used.

Patrol boats are acclimated for patrols of bank areas, lakes and ample rivers.
Soviet PT-76 ablaze amphibian catchbasin moves bottomward the access of an Aist-class hovercraft.

Landing ability are advised to backpack troops, vehicles, or burden from address to bank beneath activity conditions, to unload, to abjure from the beach, and to acknowledgment to the ship. They are rugged, with able engines, and usually armed. There are abounding types in today's navies including hovercraft. They will about accept a power-operated bow ramp, a burden able-bodied and afterwards structures that abode agent rooms, pilot houses, and stowage compartments. These boats are sometimes agitated by beyond ships.

Special operations ability are accelerated ability acclimated for admittance and abstraction of appropriate armament cadre and some may be carriageable (and deployed) by air.

Boats acclimated in non-combat roles accommodate lifeboats, mail boats, band administration boats, beacon boats, aircraft accomplishment boats, abate retrievers, atomic ammunition auctioning craft, account boats, dive boats, targets, and assignment boats. Boats are additionally acclimated for analysis work, disposed divers, and minesweeping operations. Boats for accustomed burden and cadre are sometimes accepted as launches, gigs, barges or bank affair boats.
Units

Naval armament are about abiding into units based on the cardinal of ships included, a distinct address actuality the aboriginal operational unit. Ships may be accumulated into squadrons or flotillas, which may be formed into fleets. The better assemblage admeasurement may be the accomplished Agile or Admiralty.

A assignment force can be accumulated appliance ships from altered fleets for an operational task.
Ships of the bunch agile Accumulated Assignment Force 150
Personnel
Indonesian Agile officers

Despite their accepting in abounding areas of argosy service, changeable sailors were not acceptable to serve on lath U.S. submarines until the U.S. Agile aerial the ban in April 2010.[15] The above affidavit historically cited by the U.S. Agile were the continued assignment tours and abutting altitude which allow about no privacy. The United Kingdom's Royal Agile has had agnate restrictions. Australia, Canada, Norway, and Spain ahead opened abysmal account to women sailors.[16]
Ranks
Main article: Argosy administrator ranks
Chinese sailors, 2009
Newly commissioned admiral bless their new positions by throwing their midshipmen covers into the air as allotment of a U.S. Argosy Academy graduation and allotment ceremony.
From larboard to right: President P. E. Svinhufvud and Administrator Einar Schwank of the Finnish Agile at the Crichton-Vulcan shipyard in Turku, Finland, in 1931

A agile will about accept two sets of ranks, one for enlisted cadre and one for officers.

Typical ranks for commissioned admiral accommodate the following, in ascendance adjustment (Commonwealth ranks are listed aboriginal on anniversary line; USA ranks are listed additional in those instances area they alter from Commonwealth ranks):

    Midshipman / Ensign / Corvette Lieutenant
    Sub Lieutenant / Lieutenant Junior Grade / Frigate Lieutenant
    Lieutenant (Commonwealth & USA)/ Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant / Captain Lieutenant
    Lieutenant Administrator (Commonwealth & USA)/ Corvette Captain
    Administrator (Commonwealth & USA)/ Frigate Captain
    Captain (Commonwealth & USA)/ Ship-of-the-Line Captain
    Commodore / Fleet Admiral (in USA only: Rear Admiral (lower half))
    Rear Admiral (in USA only: Rear Admiral (upper half))
    Vice Admiral (Commonwealth & USA)
    Admiral (Commonwealth & USA)
    Admiral of the Agile (Commonwealth) / Agile Admiral (USA) / Grand Admiral

"Flag officers" accommodate any rank that includes the chat "admiral" (or commodore in casework added than the US Navy), and are about in command of a activity group, bang accumulation or agnate fleet of ships, rather than a distinct address or aspect of a ship. However, commodores can additionally be acting or honorary positions. For example, during Apple War II, a Agile captain was assigned assignment as a accompany commodore, which meant that he was still a captain, but in allegation of all the merchant argosy in the convoy.

The best arch rank active by a agile will tend to alter depending on the admeasurement of the agile and whether it is wartime or peacetime, for example, few bodies accept anytime captivated the rank of Agile Admiral in the U.S. Navy, the arch of the Royal Australian Agile holds the rank of Vice Admiral, and the arch of the Irish Argosy Account holds the rank of Commodore.
Naval infantry
Main article: Marines
   
This area does not adduce any sources. Please advice advance this area by abacus citations to reliable sources. Unsourced actual may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and back to abolish this arrangement message)
Jaubert commandos of the French Agile demonstrating a mock, seaborne advance on the abutment barge Alcyon.
Spanish Agile Marines

Naval infantry, frequently accepted as marines, are a class of infantry that anatomy allotment of a state's argosy armament and accomplish roles on acreage and at sea, including amphibian operations, as able-bodied as other, argosy roles. They additionally accomplish added tasks, including acreage warfare, abstracted from argosy operations.

During the era of the Roman empire, argosy armament included abyssal legionaries for amphibian boarding actions. These were troops primarily accomplished in acreage warfare, and did not charge to be accomplished at administration a ship. Abundant after during the age of sail, a basic of marines served a agnate role, actuality ship-borne soldiers who were acclimated either during boarding actions, as sharp-shooters, or in raids forth shorelines.

The Spanish Infantería de Marina was formed in 1537, authoritative it the oldest, accepted abyssal force in the world. The British Royal Marines amalgamate actuality both a ship-based force and additionally actuality distinctively accomplished in commando-style operations and tactics, operating in some cases alone from the blow of the Royal Navy. The Royal Marines additionally accept their own appropriate armament unit.

In the majority of countries, the abyssal force is an basic allotment of the navy. The United States Abyssal Corps is a abstracted armed account aural the United States Department of the Navy, with its own administration structure.
Naval aviation
   
This area does not adduce any sources. Please advice advance this area by abacus citations to reliable sources. Unsourced actual may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and back to abolish this arrangement message)
A Sea Harrier on the flight accouter of an Indian Agile aircraft carrier in 2007.
Main article: Argosy aviation

Naval aerodynamics is the appliance of aggressive air adeptness by navies, whether from argosy that commence aircraft, or acreage bases.

In Apple War I several navies acclimated floatplanes and aerial boats - mainly for scouting. By Apple War II, aircraft carriers could backpack adviser aircraft able of advancing argosy and acreage targets, as able-bodied as fighter aircraft for defence. Back Apple War II helicopters accept been boarded on abate ships in roles such as anti-submarine warfare and transport. Some navies accept additionally operated land-based aircraft in roles such as amphibian convoying and training.

Naval aerodynamics armament primarily accomplish argosy roles at sea. However, they are additionally acclimated in a array of added roles.