COVID-19 pandemic in Europe

As of 13 March 2020, back the cardinal of new cases became greater than those in China, the Apple Bloom Organization (WHO) began to accede Europe the alive centre of the COVID-19 pandemic.[2][3] Cases by country beyond Europe had angled over periods of about 3 to 4 days, with some countries (mostly those at beforehand stages of detection) assuming acceleration every 2 days.[4]

As of 17 March, all countries aural Europe had a accepted case of COVID-19, with Montenegro actuality the aftermost European country to abode at atomic one case.[5] At atomic one afterlife has been appear in all European countries, afar from the Vatican City.

As of 18 March, added than 250 actor bodies were in lockdown in Europe.[6]

As of 24 May, 68 canicule back its aboriginal recorded case, Montenegro became the aboriginal COVID-19-free country in Europe,[7][8] but this bearings lasted alone 44 canicule afore a anew alien case was articular there.

Albania

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Albania[edit]

The COVID-19 communicable in Albania is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aboriginal case in the Republic of Albania was appear in Tirana on 8 March 2020, back a accommodating and its adolescent who had appear from Florence, Italy was activated positive.[75]

As of 10 November 2020, a absolute of 25,294 accepted cases, 12,353 recoveries, and 579 deaths accept been appear in the country.[76]

Andorra

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Andorra[edit]

The COVID-19 communicable in Andorra is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept accomplished Andorra on 2 March 2020, back a 20-year-old man alternate to the country from Milan, Italy.[77] With a absolute citizenry of 77,543 (as of 31 December 2019) on 5 November, the infection amount was 1 case per 15 citizenry and the afterlife amount was 1 case per 1,034 inhabitants.[78]

Austria

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Austria[edit]

The COVID-19 communicable in Austria is allotment of the advancing common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Austria, a brace of cases were accepted on 25 February 2020. The cases complex a 24-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman who were travelling from Lombardy, Italy, and were advised at a hospital in Innsbruck.[79][80][81][82] According to new abstracts appear by Austrian authorities on 23 June, the aboriginal case in the country was recorded in Ischgl, Tyrol on 8 February.[83]

Belarus

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Belarus[edit]

The COVID-19 communicable in Belarus is allotment of the advancing common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept advance to Belarus, back the aboriginal case of COVID-19 in the country was registered in Minsk on 28 February 2020.[84]

Belgium

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Belgium[edit]

Map of Belgium and its ambit with the advance of COVID-19 as of 9 July 2020[85]

The COVID-19 communicable in Belgium forms allotment of the advancing common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept advance to Belgium on 4 February 2020, back a Belgian civic out of a accumulation of nine Belgians repatriated from Wuhan to Brussels was appear to accept activated absolute for the coronavirus.[86][87] Manual aural Belgium was afresh accepted in aboriginal March; authorities affiliated this to holidaymakers abiding from Arctic Italy at the end of the half-term holidays.[88][89] The catching added rapidly in March–April 2020. By the end of March all 10 ambit of the country had registered cases.[citation needed]

As of 25 June, the Belgian authorities had appear 61,007 accepted cases, with a absolute of 9,726 deaths and at atomic 17,688 absolved patients. The absolute cardinal of infections, however, is acceptable to be abundant college than the cardinal of diagnosed cases, as class tests are bound to specific bodies and/or bodies with astringent symptoms, and because abounding bodies with balmy or no affection do not seek medical help, alike as they are acceptable to be transmitting the virus.[90]

Belgium was amid the world's worst-affected countries in agreement of the cardinal of deaths per arch of citizenry (excluding microstates). For example, on 1 June 2020, it was appear that there had been 819 deaths per one actor arch of population, compared to 442 in France, 580 in Spain, 592 in the United Kingdom,[91] and seven in Japan.[92] However, Belgium may accept been over-reporting the absolute cardinal of cases, with bloom admiral advertisement that doubtable cases were actuality appear forth with accepted cases.[93] Unlike abounding added countries, which broadcast abstracts based primarily on accepted hospital deaths, the afterlife abstracts appear by the Belgian authorities accommodate deaths in the community, abnormally in affliction homes, accepted to accept been acquired by the coronavirus, as able-bodied as a abundant beyond cardinal of such deaths doubtable to accept been acquired by the virus, alike if the actuality was not tested.[94] Such differences in methods of counting complicate any attack to analyze afterlife ante in altered countries.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

COVID-19 Cases in Bosnia and Herzegovina per capita.svg

Ambox accepted red Asia Australia.svg

This commodity needs to be updated. Please amend this commodity to reflect contempo contest or anew accessible information. (November 2020)

The COVID-19 communicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept accomplished Bosnia and Herzegovina on 5 March 2020, back a accommodating in Banja Luka, who had travelled to Italy, activated positive. Afterwards on the aforementioned day, a added case, who was the son of the aboriginal case, was reported.[95] On 21 March, the aboriginal afterlife in the country from COVID-19 was appear in a hospital in Bihać. The accommodating was an aged woman who had been ailing two canicule before.[96]

As of 3 September, there were 20,892 accepted coronavirus cases in the country, of which 7,584 were in Republika Srpska,[97][98] 12,931 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[99][100] and 377 in Brčko District.[101]

On 17 March, the Board of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared a accompaniment of emergency in the absolute country.[102]

Bulgaria

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Bulgaria[edit]

Rolling 14-days new cases prevalence of COVID-19 in Bulgaria by region.svg

The COVID-19 communicable in Bulgaria is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept advance to Bulgaria back the country's aboriginal cases, a 27-year-old man from Pleven and a 75-year-old woman from Gabrovo, were accepted on 8 March 2020. Neither of the two had catholic to areas with accepted coronavirus cases which is maybe because the PCR analysis that was acclimated is deffective. The man activated absolute for the virus afterwards actuality ailing for a respiratory infection, and authorities appear affairs to analysis several bodies who were in acquaintance with the two individuals.[103] Two added samples in Pleven and Gabrovo were absolute on 8 March.[104] Accommodating aught charcoal unknown.[105]

After the cardinal of patients in the country had accomplished 23, the Bulgarian Parliament voted absolutely to acknowledge a accompaniment of emergency from 13 March until 13 April.[106] A 14-day antitoxin abode apprehension was alien for citizens who accept been in acquaintance with a COVID-19 accommodating or accept alternate from an beyond arena with a aerial cardinal of cases. For patients activated absolute for the virus a 21-day abode apprehension was introduced. This time amount is counted from the day a consecutive analysis comes out abrogating afterwards they accept been advised in a hospital or at home. Afterwards the Apple Bloom Organization (WHO) has accustomed that COVID-19 is added airy than the antecedent abstracts was showing, the Civic Crisis-management Staff added the accretion abode apprehension by a anniversary to 28 days.[107] With the continuing access of COVID-19 cases on a circadian basis, the Bulgarian government requested on 1 April that Parliament extend the accompaniment of emergency by one ages until 13 May.[108]

As of 11 November 2020, there are 83,366 clearly accepted cases advance throughout all Bulgarian provinces, with 1,851 recorded deaths and 25,799 recoveries. A absolute of 815,322 PCR tests (or 117,662 per actor citizens) had been performed by 11 November, with 10.22% actuality positive.[109]

Croatia

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Croatia

On 25 February, Croatia accepted its aboriginal case, a 26-year-old man who had been in Milan, Italy.[110] On 26 February, two new cases were confirmed, one actuality the accompanying brother of the first.[111] In March 2020, a array of cases were appear in abundant Croatian cities. On 12 March, the aboriginal accretion was reported, and on 18 March the aboriginal afterlife from the virus was confirmed. On 19 March, the cardinal of recorded cases surpassed 100. On 21 March, it surpassed 200. On 25 March, it surpassed 400. On 31 March, it surpassed 800. The communicable in Croatia occurred during the Croatian Presidency of the Board of the European Union.[112]

On 22 March, an astute convulsion hit Zagreb, the basic of Croatia, causing problems in administration of amusing break measures set out by the Government. The convulsion could additionally be acquainted beyond abundant of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria.[113][114]

According to Oxford University, as of 24 March, Croatia is the country with the world's strictest restrictions and measures for infection abridgement in affiliation to the cardinal of infected.[115] The government set up a website for all advice about the virus and a new buzz band 113 that has volunteers answering questions.[116]

Cyprus

Main articles: COVID-19 communicable in Cyprus and Arctic Cyprus

On 9 March, Cyprus accepted its aboriginal two cases, one in Nicosia and one in Limassol.[117][118][119]

Czech Republic

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in the Czech Republic

It is banned to access the advanced breadth of buses of the Brno Accessible Carriage during the communicable (14 March 2020)

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 1 March.[25] As of 22 March there had been 1120 accepted cases, with one baleful outcome.[25]

On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day accompaniment of emergency and barred access to non-residents from China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, Norway, Denmark and France.[120]

The Czech Republic banned bodies from action out in accessible afterwards cutting a face affectation or accoutrement their adenoids and mouth.[121]

Denmark

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Denmark

For Greenland, see COVID-19 communicable in Greenland.

For Faroe Islands, see COVID-19 communicable in the Faroe Islands.

On 27 February, Denmark accepted its aboriginal case.[122]

As of 16 March, there accept been 898 accepted cases in Denmark, including 11 in the Faroe Islands (see below).[123]

Numerous antitoxin measures gradually were implemented. Starting on 13 March, schools, universities and agnate places were closed, while best bodies in non-essential functions accept been beatific home to work.[124] On 14 March, the borders were bankrupt for all entries, except Danish citizens, bodies with a abode permit, bodies with an important acumen for visiting, and carriage of goods.[125][120]

Estonia

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Estonia

On 27 February, Estonia accepted its aboriginal case, an Iranian citizen, travelling from Iran via Turkey.[126]

As of 11 March, there were 17 accepted cases in Estonia. 12 of them had alternate with the infection from Arctic Italy, one from France, one from Iran and one from bearding accident area.[127][128] Aboriginal two cases of virus transmitting locally were in Saaremaa afterwards all-embracing volleyball antagonism involving a aggregation from Milan.[129]

From 12 March, the virus was overextension locally. The cardinal of adulterated grew fast extensive 109 on 14 March.[130]

Finland

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Finland

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 28 January.[131][132] As of 21 July there were over 7,000 accepted cases.[133]

France

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in France

Empty bazaar shelves in Annonay, France, on 14 March 2020.

On 24 January, the aboriginal case in Europe was accepted in Bordeaux. Two added cases were accepted in Paris by the end of the day, all of them originated from China. A array of infections was apparent in Haute-Savoie which originated from a British civic who had visited Singapore.[134][135][136]

From 31 January to 9 February, about 550 bodies were repatriated from Wuhan on a alternation of aborticide flights accession at Creil Air Base in Oise and Istres-Le Tubé Air Base in Istres.[137]

On 14 February, an 80-year-old Chinese day-tripper died in Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, appearance the aboriginal afterlife from COVID-19 in Europe and France.[138]

According to bounded board admiral Jean Rottner, the starting point for the aboriginal astute beachcomber in Alsace was the Fasting Meeting of the Protestant Free Church of La Porte Ouverte in Mulhouse, with added than 2500 visitors, in mid-February.[139] On 12 March, French admiral Emmanuel Macron appear on accessible television that all schools and all universities would abutting from Monday 16 March until added notice. The abutting day, the Prime Abbot Édouard Philippe banned gatherings of added than 100 people, not including accessible transportation. The afterward day, the prime abbot ordered the cease of all nonessential accessible places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas, and discothèques, able at midnight.[140]

As of 14 March, there had been 4,499 accepted cases (a near-four-fold access over the cardinal 5 canicule previously), and 91 deaths in France.[141]

As of 20 March, the cardinal of accepted cases had risen to 12,612, while the cardinal of deaths accomplished 450.[citation needed] As of 30 March, added than six hundred doctors and added medical workers are suing the above Abbot of Bloom and the Prime Abbot for "culpable negligence" in declining to adapt for the epidemic.[142]

Until 1 April, the circadian amend of the cardinal of deaths in France included alone deaths in hospitals, with deaths in retirement homes or at home not included in the update.[143] Deaths in retirement homes were included in the appear abstracts from 2 April, causing totals to access substantially.[144]

On 4 May, attendant testing of samples in one French hospital showed a accommodating "who had COVID-19 as aboriginal as Dec. 27, about a ages afore the French government accepted its aboriginal cases."[145] According to the advisers who appear the discovery, this indicates that the virus was present in the citizenry able-bodied afore the aboriginal accepted cases, a award additionally echoed by US researchers.[146] In July 2020, Prime Abbot of France Jean Castex, appear that bloom affliction pay workers will see $9 billion in pay raises, as a aftereffect of their efforts during the corornavirus pandemic.[147]

Germany

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Germany

In Germany, the aboriginal case of COVID-19 was recorded in the accompaniment of Bavaria on 27 January 2020. Circadian case numbers began to abatement afterwards 8 April. As of 19 April 2020, 145,742 cases accept been appear with 4,642 deaths and about 81,800 recoveries.[148][149][150][151] That makes Germany the world's 4th and Europe's 3rd worst-hit country in agreement of absolute cases. The coronavirus bloodshed amount is, however, appear analogously bottom at 1.3%, baronial 8th in the apple and 5th in Europe in the absolute cardinal of deaths.[152] The low basic accident amount in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, has resulted in a altercation and explanations that adduce amid others the country's college cardinal of tests performed, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and college admeasurement of absolute cases amid adolescent people. Hessian accompaniment accounts abbot Thomas Schäfer committed suicide on 28 March 2020. Accompaniment Premier Volker Bouffier said that Schäfer had had ample worries in accurate over the bread-and-butter accountability that the COVID-19 communicable would abode on the population.[153]

On 2 November 2020, abstracts appear by Robert Koch Institute (RKI) showed the accepted coronavirus cases in Germany added by 12,097 to 545,027.[154]

Gibraltar

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Gibraltar

First case was articular on 4 March 2020, alone 187 cases to the end of July afresh increases with 100 added in August and the aforementioned in September. A acquaintance App “BEAT Covid Gibraltar” was appear on 18 June.[155]

Greece

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Greece

On 26 February, the aboriginal case in Greece was confirmed, a 38-year-old woman from Thessaloniki who had afresh visited Arctic Italy.[156] The abutting day, the aboriginal patient's 9-year-old adolescent and accession 40-year-old woman, who had travelled to Italy, additionally activated positive.[157][158][159] Consecutive cases is Greece were mainly accompanying to bodies who had travelled to Italy and a accumulation of pilgrims who had travelled to Israel and Egypt, as able-bodied as their contacts.[160][161] Bloom and accompaniment authorities issued basic guidelines and recommendations, while measures up to that point were taken locally and included the cease of schools and the abeyance of cultural contest in the afflicted areas (particularly Ilia, Achaea and Zakynthos).[161] The aboriginal accepted afterlife from COVID-19 in Greece was a 66-year-old man, who died on 12 March.[162]

By 27 July there were 4,227 accepted cases in Greece, some of which detected amid tourists accession to the country from mid-June onwards, 202 deaths and 3,562 recoveries.[163][164] The Greek Civic Accessible Bloom Organization (NPHO), in accord with bounded authorities and doctors, is tracking and testing anybody who came in abutting acquaintance with the patients.[165][166] By 10 March, with 89 accepted cases and no deaths in the country, the government absitively to append the operation of educational institutions of all levels civic and then, on 13 March, to abutting bottomward all cafes, bars, museums, arcade centres, sports accessories and restaurants in the country.[167][168] On 16 March, all retail shops were additionally bankrupt and all casework in all areas of religious adoration of any adoration or article were suspended.[169][170] On 18 and 19 March, the government appear a alternation of measures of added than 10 billion euros to abutment the economy, businesses and employees.[171]

On 22 March the Greek authorities appear cogent restrictions on all nonessential carriage and movement beyond the country, starting from 6 a.m. on 23 March.[172] Starting from 4 May, Greece has amorphous abatement its lockdown restrictions afterwards a 42-day lockdown, with the bit-by-bit appropriation of movement restrictions and restart of business activity.[173]

Guernsey

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Guernsey

On 9 March, the aboriginal case in the Crown annex was confirmed.[174] On 27 May it was appear that there were no accepted alive cases in the Bailiwick.[175] There were no alive cases for 129 canicule afore an accession from the UK activated absolute on 6 September.[176]

Hungary

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Hungary

On 4 March Prime Abbot Viktor Orbán appear that two Iranian acceptance had been adulterated with the virus.[177] The acceptance are asymptomatic and accept been transported to Saint Ladislaus Hospital in Budapest.[177]

Iceland

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Iceland

The aboriginal case was accepted in Iceland on 28 February, an Icelandic macho in his forties who had been on a ski cruise to Andalo in Arctic Italy and alternate home on 22 February.[178]

Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management declared a accompaniment of emergency on 6 March afterwards two cases of association manual in Iceland were confirmed, bringing the absolute cardinal of accepted cases to 43.[179] On 13 March, it was appear at an official columnist appointment that a four-week ban on accessible gatherings of added than 100 bodies would be put into aftereffect as of Monday 16 March. Universities and accessory schools will be bankrupt for four weeks. All-embracing airports and harbours will abide absolved from these measures.[180]

Ireland

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in the Republic of Ireland

Number of cases (blue), cardinal of deaths (red) and appear deaths aftermost ten canicule (dotted black) in Ireland on a logarithmic scale

The Civic Accessible Bloom Emergency Aggregation of Ireland appear the aboriginal case in the Republic of Ireland on 29 February, involving a macho apprentice from the east of the country, who had accustomed there from Arctic Italy.[181][182][183] On 3 March, a added case was accepted of a changeable in the east of the country who had been to Arctic Italy.[184] Response to the alpha has included abandoning of St Patrick's Day parades and all festivals.[185] On 11 March, an aged accommodating in Naas General Hospital in Canton Kildare became Ireland's aboriginal accident from the virus.[186] On 12 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appear the cease of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities.[187] On 20 March, an emergency legislation was alive into law by Admiral Michael D. Higgins giving the accompaniment permission to apprehend people, bind biking and accumulate bodies in their homes to advice action the advance of the pandemic.[188]

Lockdown

Main article: COVID-19 communicable lockdowns § Ireland

On 27 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appear a civic calm order. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs bankrupt and all accessible and clandestine gatherings of any cardinal of bodies was banned.[189][190]

On 1 May, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appear a roadmap to abatement restrictions in Ireland which began on 18 May,[191] and was replaced by the government's Living with COVID-19 plan on 15 September. The plan includes bristles levels of restrictions to announce what accessible bloom measures are in abode in altered areas of the country at any accustomed time.[192]

All non-essential businesses and casework bankrupt and all accessible and clandestine gatherings of any cardinal of bodies was banned afresh on 21 October afterward the Government's advertisement to move the absolute country to Level 5 lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.[193][194][195]

As of 11 November, the Department of Bloom accept accepted 66,247 accepted cases and 1,965 deaths.[196]

Italy

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Italy

Paramedics accustomed a accommodating beneath biocontainment, in Cervia, Emilia-Romagna

On 31 January, the aboriginal two cases were accepted in Rome. Two Chinese tourists, who accustomed in Milan on 23 January via Milan Malpensa Airport and travelled to Rome on a day-tripper bus, activated absolute for and were hospitalised in Lazzaro Spallanzani Civic Institute for Infectious Diseases.[197]

On 6 February, one of the Italians repatriated from Wuhan, China, activated positive, bringing the absolute cardinal of cases in Italy to three.[198] On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was absolved from the hospital.[199] On 22 and 26 February, the two Chinese tourists ailing in Rome activated negative.[200]

On 21 February, a array of cases was detected starting with 16 accepted cases in Lombardy,[201] with added 60 cases on 22 February,[202] and Italy's aboriginal deaths appear on the aforementioned day.[203] As of backward February, Italy was hit harder than anywhere away in the EU by the COVID-19 outbreak.[204]

As of 17 March 2020, there accept been 2,503 deaths and 31,506 accepted cases.[205] By 15 May 2020, there had been 223,885 cases and 31,610 deaths, according to Protezione Civile bulletins.

On 3 June, Italy reopened its borders to EU association and concluded biking restrictions.

On 13 July, the Arch of the ICU at a Bergamo hospital said that above patients advised for COVID-19 had developed austere abiding bloom issues.[206]

Lockdown

Main article: COVID-19 communicable lockdown in Italy

On 8 March, Italian prime abbot Giuseppe Conte alive a decree assuming a apprehension for the absolute arena of Lombardy – home to added than 10 actor bodies and the banking capital, Milan – and assorted added provinces, totalling about 16 actor residents. The lockdown decree included the ability to appoint fines on anyone bent entering or abrogation Lombardy, the worst-affected region, until 3 April.[207]

On 9 March, the lockdown orders were continued to the accomplished of Italy, finer quarantining added than 60 actor people.[208]

Jersey

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Jersey

The aboriginal case was recognised on 10 March which resulted aural canicule in flights and ferries actuality annulled except for capital biking and freight, appropriately isolating the island by the end of March.[209][210] By 30 June there were no alive cases although there accept back been baby numbers of cases brought into the island back lockdown was airy and biking permitted. On 14 October a acquaintance App was launched.[211]

Kosovo

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Kosovo

The aboriginal two cases in Kosovo[a] were appear on 13 March. In the ten-day aeon 13–23 March, the cardinal of absolute cases with coronavirus rose to 35. In midnight of 23 March 26 new cases were confirmed, bringing the absolute cardinal of cases to 61.[212] On 25 March, the government burst with a vote of no aplomb in Prime Abbot Albin Kurti.[213]

Latvia

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Latvia[edit]

Confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Latvia by municipalities.

The COVID-19 communicable was accepted to accept accomplished Latvia on 2 March 2020.[214][215]

On 13 March, the government bankrupt all educational institutions and banned accumulation gatherings until 14 April, which was afterwards continued to 12 May. Abounding concerts and contest were annulled and confused to added dates. As of 20 March at atomic 1,600 ability and ball contest had been disrupted.[216]

Liechtenstein

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Liechtenstein

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 3 March.[217]

Lithuania

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Lithuania

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 28 February. By 17 March there were 21 cases, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The aboriginal adulterated Lithuanian recovered on 14 March.[218]

Luxembourg

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Luxembourg

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 29 February. Absolute cases exceeded 6,600 on 30 June.

Malta

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Malta

On 7 March, Malta appear its aboriginal 3 cases of coronavirus: an Italian ancestors consisting of a 12-year-old babe and her parents, who accustomed in Malta on 3 March from Rome afterwards a anniversary in Trentino.[219]

Moldova

Main articles: COVID-19 communicable in Moldova and Transnistria

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Moldova[edit]

Map of cases of COVID-19 in Moldova

(31 October 2020)

The COVID-19 communicable in Moldova is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was accepted to accept accomplished the Republic of Moldova on 7 March 2020, back a Moldovan woman that alternate from Italy was activated absolute for the atypical coronavirus. As the cardinal of adulterated bodies started to acceleration during the abutting days, on 17 March 2020 the Parliament declared the accompaniment of emergency for the absolute breadth of the Republic of Moldova for a aeon of 60 canicule (17 March - 15 May 2020). On 18 March 2020 the aboriginal afterlife acquired by COVID-19 was registered. On 23 March 2020 the absolute cardinal of accepted cases surpassed 100 and on 7 April 2020 this cardinal exceeded 1000. By 10 April 2020, cases had been accepted in all the regions of the country, including the Transnistrian region. On 27 April 2020, the absolute cardinal of deaths surpassed 100.

On 15 May 2020, in the aftermost day of the accompaniment of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary Civic Commission of Accessible Bloom declared the accompaniment of emergency in accessible bloom for the absolute breadth of the Republic of Moldova for the aeon of 16 May - 30 June 2020. On 9 June 2020 the absolute cardinal of accepted cases surpassed 10,000. On 1 September 2020, the cardinal of deaths surpassed 1,000.

As of 10 November 2020, a absolute of 83,592 accepted cases, 64,826 recoveries, and 1,930 deaths accept been appear in the country.[220][221]

Monaco

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Monaco

The aboriginal case was appear in the country on 29 February.[222][223]

Montenegro

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Montenegro[edit]

Map of cases of COVID-19 in Montenegro.

The COVID-19 communicable was accepted to accept advance to Montenegro back its aboriginal case was accepted on 17 March 2020,[224][225] authoritative it the aftermost European country to annals a case of SARS-CoV-2.[226]

As of 7 September 2020, the absolute cardinal of cases in Montenegro is 5,875.[227]

On 24 May 2020, 68 canicule afterwards the aboriginal case was recorded in Montenegro, it became the aboriginal corona-free country in Europe.[228][229] Aural the aboriginal outbreak, indexed cases counted 9% of the absolute reported, 80% of cases were adulterated due to acquaintance with primary cases, while the agent of infection of the added 11% of cases was not certain.[230] The Government of Montenegro estimated that the country needs EUR 59.2 actor clandestine and all-embracing abatement to abode the health, amusing and economical appulse of COVID-19.[231]

Montenegro had no alive cases from 24 May until 14 June back the aboriginal alien case was reported.

Netherlands

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in the Netherlands

On 27 February, the Netherlands accepted its aboriginal case, a man who had been in the Lombardy arena of Italy.[232]

On 6 March, RIVM appear the aboriginal death.[233]

On 9 March, RIVM appear 56 added accepted cases in accession to the absolute of the 77 adulterated patients declared in the antecedent day, bringing the absolute to 321 adulterated and 3 dead.[234]

On 15 March, the Dutch government appear in a columnist appointment that all schools, day affliction facilities, colleges, universities, and universities of activated sciences would abutting until 6 April, admitting accouchement of parents in basic industries could still go to academy or the day affliction if they could not be taken affliction of otherwise.[235]

As of 16 March, the absolute cardinal of accepted cases of COVID-19 had risen to 1,413 and the absolute cardinal of accepted deaths had risen to 24. This was an access of 278 infections and 4 deaths in allegory to 15 March.[236]

On the aforementioned date, the Prime Abbot of the Netherlands, Mark Rutte, had appear that the country would not go into complete lockdown. Instead the bearings would be controlled as abundant as accessible by dabbling the advance of the virus, relying on measures taken beforehand by the government, such as amusing break and prohibiting gatherings of 100 bodies and over.[237] It is accepted the coronavirus will accumulate overextension and a ample allotment of the citizenry will become infected. Instead of opting to lock bottomward the Netherlands for the time required, which would accept abounding (negative) after-effects while the allowances abide ambiguous and would accept to break in place, it will be attempted to body assemblage amnesty in a controlled manner. Depending on how the virus behaves, the government will adjudge if added measures are required.[237][238]

Further measures were alien on 23 March. All contest will be banned until 1 September. Gatherings of added than three people, except for families, are prohibited. Burghal mayors accustomed greater allotment to accomplish the rules. Fines will be issued to those not acknowledging with the new rules.[239]

North Macedonia

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in North Macedonia

On 26 February, North Macedonia accepted its aboriginal case, a woman that had alternate from Italy.[240] On 10 March every school, kindergarten and university was closed. As of 10 October, the country has appear 20,163 cases, 781 deaths and a absolute of 16,009 recovered.[241]

To stop the overextension of the virus, the country had a austere 61 hour alarm every weekend. For holidays, as Easter the country had a 85-hour curfew.[242][243] Furthermore, the accompaniment of emergency which had asleep was continued for 14 added canicule until 30 May, and afresh afresh for 14 added canicule until 13 June.[244]

Norway

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Norway

Separation of an breadth abreast the driver, bus in Trondheim, 15 March

On 26 February, Norway accepted its aboriginal case, in a actuality who had alternate from China the antecedent week.[245][246]

On 7 March, there were 147 accepted cases in Norway. Best of the cases could either be affiliated to outbreaks away or abutting encounters with these. Altogether 89 accept been adulterated on biking in Italy.[247]

On 12 March 2020, all kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities were bankrupt until at atomic 26 March 2020.[248]

Poland

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Poland[edit]

An activated map of the accepted SARS-CoV-2 cases

Per capita map of SARS-CoV-2 cases in Poland

The COVID-19 communicable in Poland is allotment of the common communicable of coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) acquired by astringent astute respiratory affection coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In February and March 2020, bloom authorities in Poland agitated out class testing of doubtable cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, one of the seven accepted animal coronaviruses, as able-bodied as home quarantining and monitoring.[249][250] The aboriginal case of a class accepted SARS-CoV-2 infection in Poland was that of a man hospitalised in Zielona Góra, with acceptance appear clearly on 4 March 2020.[251][252] The bounded manual appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland was declared to the Apple Bloom Organization on 10 March.[253][254] The aboriginal afterlife from coronavirus ache 2019 (COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 56-year-old woman on 12 March.[255] Polish authorities did not participate in the 28 February 2020 European Union breakable action for purchasing COVID-19 communicable accompanying medical equipment, in which 20 added affiliate states participated. Poland activated on 6 March for the 17 March breakable for the acquirement of gloves, goggles, face shields, surgical masks, and careful clothing. The European Commission declared that all requests in the breakable were annoyed by offers.[256]

As of 11 November 2020, a absolute of 618,813 accepted cases, 242,875 recoveries, and 8,805 deaths accept been appear in the country.[257]

Lockdown-type ascendancy measures started on 10–12 March, closing schools and university classes, offices and cancelling accumulation events,[258][259][260] and were adequate on 25 March, attached non-family gatherings to two bodies and religious gatherings to six and abhorrent non-essential travel.[261] On 20 March, the Ministry of Bloom approved to anticipate medical cadre from commenting on the pandemic. The Polish Ombudsman Adam Bodnar dedicated medical personnel's appropriate to allege about about the catching on built-in area of abandon of accent and the appropriate of the accessible to information. Doctors against the self-censorship orders.[262] Accident counts initially alone included deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (U07.1[263]).[264] Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities that were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (U07.2)[263]) were additionally advised as COVID-19 deaths by NIPH–NIH.[265] As of 28 March 2020, bodies in Poland who died in apprehension from doubtable COVID-19 were not activated column mortem for SARS-CoV-2.[266] As of 29 March 2020, there were 269,307 bodies beneath apprehension for doubtable SARS-CoV-2 infection and 42,783 SARS-CoV-2 tests had been fabricated back the alpha of testing.[267] The lockdown restrictions were anchored starting on 31 March–1 April by a government regulation, acute individuals walking in streets to be afar by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and adorableness salons, and abhorrent unaccompanied amateur from departure their homes.[268] A followup adjustment on 10 April alone the restrictions on accessible gatherings starting from 20 April, acceptance religious gatherings and funerals to be captivated for up to a best of 50 people.[269]

Portugal

Main article: COVID-19 communicable in Portugal

On 2 March, the aboriginal two cases were accepted in Portugal, both in the burghal of Porto. One was a doctor who had alternate from anniversary in arctic Italy, and the added a artisan from Spain.[270][271]

On 18 March, the Admiral of the Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, declared the absoluteness of the Portuguese breadth in a accompaniment of emergency for the afterward fifteen days, with the achievability of renewal, the aboriginal back the Carnation Revolution in 1974.[272]

On 24 March the Portuguese Government accepted that the country could not accommodate anymore the COVID-19 as it is advanced overextension and will access the 'Mitigation Phase' on 26 March.[273]

Romania

This breadth is an extract from COVID-19 communicable in Romania[edit]

Confirmed cases by canton as of 6 November 2020

COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland

The COVID-19 communicable was aboriginal accustomed to acquire advance to Scotland on 1 March 2020 with the absolute COVID-19 analysis of a macho Tayside citizen who had afresh travelled amidst Scotland and arctic Italy.[1] The aboriginal appear case of association manual was on 11 March 2020 and the aboriginal appear coronavirus afterlife in Scotland was on 13 March 2020.

The UK Government apparent the Coronavirus Activity Plan,[12] and declared the alpha a "level 4 incident".[13] On 11 March, the alpha was declared a pandemic.[14][15][16] Four canicule later—following the alpha in Italy,[17][18] and based on forecasting by epidemiologists at Imperial College London[19]—the Scottish Government said anybody should abstain all "non-essential" biking and acquaintance with others, and to assignment from home if possible. Those with symptoms, and their household, were asked to self-isolate. Pregnant women, the over 70s, and those with assertive illnesses were asked to self-isolate for longer.[17] On 20 March 2020, schools were told to close, forth with pubs, cafes and cinemas. On 23 March 2020, a 'Stay at Home' adjustment was appear which advance to added 'non-essential' assignment to abutting and attached movement to stop the manual of the virus, this would be referred to as the UK lockdown.[20]

Health affliction in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, with England, Arctic Ireland, Scotland and Wales anniversary accepting their own systems of about adjourned healthcare, adjourned by devolved block grants via the Barnett blueprint and answerable to abstracted governments and parliaments, calm with abate clandestine area and autonomous provision. As a result, a cardinal of differences now abide amidst anniversary system.[21][22] Although, the advertisement of the virus manual and the case abstracts is calm in Scotland, it is additionally acclimated in the UK abstracts accustomed out circadian which letters the bearings in all four nations.

By 27 April, added than 22,000 aloft agents and acceptance had volunteered to accompany or acknowledge the healthcare and amusing affliction casework in Scotland aback the catching began,[23] signalling a cogent re-organisation of bloom affliction services[24] By 9 May 2020 there had been 4,503 accumulative cases of doubtable COVID-19 in affliction homes and up to 3,672 agents had appear as absent in developed affliction homes due to COVID-19, apery 8.5% of all developed affliction home agents (43,403) for whom abstracts had been provided.[25]

Since the alpha of the outbreak, Scotland has ramped testing from a adaptation of beneath than 2000 tests a day to 8,000 per day by the boilerplate of May.[26] Overall, by 11 May 2020 a absolute of 101,122 COVID-19 tests had been agitated out by NHS Scotland labs in hospitals, affliction homes or the community. In accession there were a absolute of 27,647 drive through and adaptable tests agitated out by Regional Testing Centres in Scotland.[25]

By 20 May 2020, 14,969 cases of COVID-19 had been accustomed and 2,245 test-confirmed deaths had been reported. 4,175 doubtable COVID-19 deaths were appear as of 8 July.[27] This abstracts is from appear letters of the Civic Records of Scotland.

January–February 2020

Kitchen cycle and toilet cardboard awash out afterward agitation affairs in a bazaar in Morningside, Edinburgh.

24 January: Bristles bodies were activated for COVID-19 in Scotland, all abiding abrogating as an adventure aggregation was accustomed for the disease.[33]

10 February: 57 tests had been conducted (all negatives),[34] a bulk which rose to 412 by 25 February.[35]

22 February: COVID-19 was fabricated into a "notifiable disease",[36] and a surveillance arrangement involving 41 GP locations was accustomed to abide samples of doubtable patients, alike if they had no biking history.[37]

26-27 February: Nike holds a appointment in Edinburgh, which 70 bodies attend.[38][39]

March 2020

1 March: The aboriginal accustomed case of COVID-19 in Scotland was detected in Tayside. The actuality had afresh afresh travelled to Italy. At that time, aback the alpha began in Wuhan, there had been 698 tests consistent abrogating for the disease.[40]

2 March: Bloom Protection Scotland was alerted by all-embracing authorities about a person, not from the UK, who activated absolute afterwards the Nike appointment in backward February. The accessible were not told.

3 March: Aboriginal actuality from the Nike appointment tests positive. Accessible still not informed, but Scottish Ministers are now told.

4 March: Two added cases were confirmed, one accepting travelled from Italy and the added accepting had acquaintance with a accustomed carrier.[41][42]

5 March: Three added cases were confirmed, totalling to 5 cases[43]

6 March: The cardinal of accustomed cases bifold to 11.[44]

9 March: Cases had added than angled afresh to 23 cases out of 2,101 tests conducted.[45]

11 March: Aboriginal case of association manual which wasn't affiliated to biking or accustomed cases.[46]

13 March: The aboriginal afterlife from COVID-19 in Scotland was confirmed, of an age-old accommodating with basal bloom conditions. At the time, 85 cases of the ache had been accustomed out of 3,314 tests conducted.[47]

16 March: 171 cases had been accustomed from 4,895 tests, with absolute cases actuality appear by all bloom boards of NHS Scotland except in NHS Orkney and NHS Western Isles.[48]

20 March: The Scottish Government told cafes, pubs, and restaurants to close.[49][i]

23 March: With the UK afterlife appraisal hitting 335 deaths and 14 in Scotland, Boris Johnson appear a civic 'Stay at Home' adjustment would appear into aftereffect as of midnight and it would be brash every 3 weeks.[20] Aloft CMO Catherine Calderwood said, "This is no best a alarm for article that ability happen."[50] This would become accustomed as the UK lockdown.

24 March: 16 patients with accustomed cases of COVID-19 had died.[3] Approximately 0.17% of the citizenry had been activated as of 23 March 2020. However those assuming affection were brash to break at home and were still not actuality tested.[citation needed]

25 March: The Aboriginal Minister accustomed that the Scottish Government was establishing a COVID-19 Advising accumulation to supplement the admonition it was accepting from the UK-wide Accurate Advising Accumulation on Emergencies. It was to be chaired by Assistant Andrew Morris of Edinburgh University, the Administrator of Bloom Analysis UK, with abutment from carnality armchair David Crossman, who is the Dean of Anesthetic at the University of St Andrews and Arch Accurate Advisor for Bloom at the Scottish Government [51]

26 March: It was appear that 25 deaths had been reported, with 896 accustomed cases in Scotland.[52]

31 March: two cases in NHS Western Isles and one in NHS Orkney beggarly that COVID-19 cases acquire now been recorded in all of Scotland's bloom lath areas.[53]

April 2020

Glasgow. Argyle Artery during coronavirus lockdown, one of the capital arcade streets in the burghal centre. 7 April 2020.

1 April: Accustomed Cases of COVID-19 anesthetized 2000 beyond the country, with 76 deaths in hospitals. The Scottish Government appear 3,500 tests a day by the end of the ages and architecture started on the SEC in Glasgow to become NHS Louisa Jordan which would authority 300 beds, abundant to 1,000.[54][55]

5 April: Admitting initially adage she would break in office, Scotland's arch medical officer, Dr Catherine Calderwood, accommodated afterwards authoritative two trips to her additional home, breaking the coronavirus lockdown she and Aboriginal Minister Sturgeon had encouraged.[56]

6 April: The Coronavirus (Scotland) Act 2020 which was alien as an Emergency Bill in the Scottish Parliament on 31 March 2020 acquired Royal Assent, acceptable law.

7 April: The Scottish Government appear that 12,000 nursing and midwifery acceptance from beyond the country and abiding workers who had formed in the Bloom and Amusing Affliction area had active up to accompany the NHS workforce to admonition activity COVID-19, Arch Nursing Administrator Fiona McQueen said, "I appetite to acknowledge anniversary and every apprentice who has volunteered their abutment so far." In addition, 2,000 final year acceptance had already abutting the workforce aback the alarm for admonition was beatific out.[57]

16 April: Afterwards reviewing the lockdown with all nations in the UK, the adaptation was fabricated to extend it for accession 3 weeks until the 7 May. Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon in her circadian appointment said, ". . . I appetite to accent that the account is absolute . . . Aboriginal break are that the lockdown restrictions acquire resulted in a slowing bottomward in the bulk of association manual of the virus." [58]

20 April: NHS Louisa Jordan in Glasgow opened as accustomed cases anesthetized 8,400 with 915 fatalities in hospitals.[59]

22 April: The Civic Records of Scotland (NRS) appear abstracts up to 19 April. The cardinal of deaths in Scotland was up 80% aloft the 5-year average. 537 deaths had been recorded in affliction homes, bifold the cardinal of the antecedent week, 910 deaths had been recorded in hospitals, and 168 deaths in homes or added settings. Accessible Bloom Scotland's circadian abstracts were under-counting deaths by up to 40%.[ii] as it was advertisement deaths in hospitals only.[60]

25 April: Accustomed cases surpassed 10,000.

28 April: Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon brash the autonomous use of (non-medical grade) bolt face masks to be acclimated in amidst spaces such as shops and accessible transport, but not about in public, excluding those who are beneath two years old or who acquire respiratory illnesses such as asthma. However, Sturgeon acclaimed their limitation and said that co-operation with the face affectation admonition was voluntary.[61]

May 2020

1 May: Accustomed cases of COVID-19 anesthetized 11,500 beyond the country, with 1515 deaths in hospitals. The Scottish Government appear that it had accomplished its testing ambition of 3,500 tests a day in NHS labs laid out in April with 4,661 tests agitated out on 30 April. They additionally appear that their abutting ambition was 8,000 tests a day in NHS labs beyond Scotland by Mid-May.[62]

8 May: Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon appear that there was some acceptance that anniversary of the four nations of the UK ability move at altered speeds with attention to alleviation the lockdown and that she would not be pressured into appropriation restrictions prematurely.[63]

9 May: The Scottish Ambulance Account (SAS) fabricated 242 attendances for doubtable COVID-19, and took 157 bodies to hospital with doubtable COVID-19.[25]

10 May: Prime Minister Boris Johnson apparent an avenue activity and an abatement of the lockdown rules in England. Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon in her circadian appointment criticised the government for their new slogan, 'Stay Alert, Control the Virus, Save Lives' adage it wasn't bright and she asked the UK Government not to advance their ‘Stay Alert’ announcement attack in Scotland. Sturgeon eased appliance alfresco to added than already a day but the accessible would still acquire to advance amusing break at all times. She additionally fatigued leisure activities such as sunbathing, picnics and barbecues were still prohibited.[64]

11 May: In a civic abode to Scotland on the alpha of the seventh anniversary of lockdown, Nicola Sturgeon asked the nation "to stick with lockdown for a bit best - so that we can consolidate our progress, not jeopardise it[…] I won't accident accidental deaths by acting agilely or prematurely." This apparent the moment aback the four nations of the UK took altered strategies on administration lockdown and appropriation it eventually, with Wales and Arctic Ireland additionally continuing the 'Stay at Home' slogan. England adopted the byword 'Stay Alert' and began to lift restrictions.[65] The accessible were assuredly told about the Nike appointment alpha in a BBC documentary, the Scottish Government are still to accord added details.

18 May: Anyone age-old 5 or over, presenting affection of COVID-19 became acceptable to get activated and Anosmia was added to the COVID-19 affirmation list.[66][67] Nicola Sturgeon appear her affairs to activate abatement lockdown from 28 May and a roadmap will be appear on 21 May.[68]

21 May: Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon categorical a four-phase "route map" for abatement lockdown restrictions in Scotland that included acceptance bodies to accommodated up alfresco with bodies from one added domiciliary in the aboriginal phase. The lockdown would be eased from 28 May answerable to the cardinal of new cases of COVID-19 continuing to fall.[69] Schools in Scotland would reopen on 11 August, aback acceptance would acquire a "blended model" of part-time abstraction at academy accumulated with some acquirements at home.[70]

28 May: Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon appear an abatement of the lockdown in Scotland from the afterward day, with bodies able to accommodated accompany and ancestors alfresco in groups of no added than eight but befitting two metres apart.[71]

June 2020

8 June: A avenue map for abatement restrictions was appear by the Scottish Government.[72]

19 June: Some abatement of lockdown restrictions with affair outdoors of up to 8 bodies from two added households whilst advancement amusing distancing, for distinct bodies or singles with accouchement they may accommodated with accession domiciliary central afterwards amusing distancing. Face coverings binding on accessible transport. Exercise aural 5 afar of home.[73]

29 June: Added abatement of lockdown with calm workplaces accustomed to open, artery admission retail and alfresco markets opening, alfresco sports playgrounds, zoos and parks open, alfresco marriages accustomed and bodies can move house. All with amusing distancing.[74]

July 2020

3 July: The 5 mile biking ban is lifted, cocky independent anniversary adaptation may re-open for business, visits to affliction homes by one "key visitor" are acceptable but affairs charge be outdoors and a 2m ambit maintained, adolescent bodies beneath 12 do not charge to amusing ambit and 12-17 year olds may accommodated in groups of up to 8 bodies provided amusing break is maintained. Beer area and alfresco cafe's can accessible from 6 July.[75] It will be compulsatory to abrasion face coverings in shops from 10 July.[76]

10 July: Air Bridge arrangement starts which will not crave cocky abreast for bodies abiding from any of 57 countries, agnate to, but beneath than the account of Air Bridges from England and Wales.[77] Up to 15 bodies from bristles altered households may accommodated outdoors whilst advancement 2m amusing distancing, up to 8 bodies from three households may accommodated central and bodies from alfresco a domiciliary may break overnight.[78]

August 2020

11 August: Pupils acknowledgment to schools. They do not charge to socially ambit but agents acquire to abrasion masks if they are in abutting adjacency with others and socially ambit from anniversary other. Initially no pupils had to abrasion face masks.

31 August: Pupils at aerial schools are answerable to abrasion face masks in corridors, canteens and added common areas.[79]

September 2020

11 September: NHS Protect Scotland app appear to the accessible for use on iOS and Android devices, application the Acknowledgment Notifications Arrangement developed by Apple and Google. This app provides anonymous, Bluetooth-enabled acquaintance archetype for all users in Scotland who opt-in to the service.[80][81]

22 September: Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon announces civic restrictions which go into aftereffect on Friday 25 September, these restrictions affect the pub closing times to affairs aural households.

23 September: 486 new accustomed cases were recorded in the antecedent 24 hours - the accomplished circadian absolute aback the alpha of the outbreak.[82]

24 September: 124 acceptance at Glasgow University activated absolute for the virus, causing 600 acceptance to go into self-isolation.[83]

October 2020

1 October: Margaret Ferrier, MP for the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency, was abeyant by her affair (SNP) and referred herself to the badge and the Parliamentary standards authorities afterwards it became accustomed that she had travelled from Scotland to Westminster the antecedent weekend admitting apprehension the aftereffect of a COVID-19 analysis accepting accomplished symptoms, and aback notified that the analysis aftereffect was absolute for the virus, still chose to biking home afresh by train, in bright aperture of guidelines.[84][85][86]

5 October: As a added 697 cases of the COVID-19 are reported, with 218 bodies as inpatients and 22 in accelerated care, the Aboriginal Minister of Scotland is set to accommodated admiral to altercate new measures, including the achievability of a two-week ″circuit breaker″ to axis the accretion of cases.[87]

November 2020

2 November: A new, 5 bank arrangement is alien into Scotland - bringing new, targeted restrictions to altered regions of the country.[88][89][90]

2 November: Pupils in the arch appearance of Scottish apprenticeship (S4-S6) charge area face masks in classrooms in accession to common areas if the academy is in bank 3 or 4.[91][92][93]

[icon]

This area needs expansion. You can admonition by abacus to it. (September 2020)

Government acknowledgment plan

Key government officials

Nicola Sturgeon

First Minister of Scotland

Jeane Freeman

Cabinet Secretary for Health

Joe FitzPatrick

Minister for Accessible Health

Professor Jason Leitch

National Analytic Director

The capital analogous bodies amenable for Scotland's coronavirus acknowledgment is the Scottish Government Resilience Division and the COVID Bloom Acknowledgment Directorate of the Bloom and Amusing Affliction Directorates. On 25 March the Scottish Government set up an able advising accumulation to admonition advance and advance its COVID-19 acknowledgment plan. [94] Dr Catherine Calderwood was Arch Medical Administrator until her abandonment from the column on 5 April. Nicola Sturgeon accustomed her abandonment on 5 April, and replaced Calderwood on an acting base with the Deputy Arch Medical Officer, Dr Gregor Smith. As of 12 May, the Key Scottish Government admiral in Scotland arch the acknowledgment to the alpha are:

First Minister of Scotland: Nicola Sturgeon

Cabinet Secretary for Bloom and Sport: Jeane Freeman

Minister for Accessible Health, Sport and Wellbeing: Joe FitzPatrick

Chief Medical Administrator for Scotland: Dr. Gregor Smith (interim)

Chief Scientist Office: Assistant David Crossman

Chief Nursing Officer: Assistant Fiona McQueen

National Analytic Director: Assistant Jason Leitch

Chief Economist: Gary Gillespie

Containment measures

Glasgow. Graffiti in the time of communicable COVID-19.

Workplace hygiene admonition was appear on 9 March 2020 which included accepted abysmal charwoman in consistently acclimated blow credibility such as phones, agenda machines or aperture handles.[95] Later, the Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon appear a ban on accumulation gatherings (500 or more) on 12 March, with the ban starting on 16 March.[96] A cardinal of schools were bankrupt due to appear symptoms, and underwent abysmal cleaning.[97] On 18 March, it was appear that schools in Scotland would be bankrupt starting on 20 March.[98]

Public Bloom Scotland

On 1 April 2020, the Scottish Government launched the new Accessible Bloom Scotland (PHS) agency, as a aftereffect of a three-way alliance amidst NHS Bloom Scotland and the Advice Casework Division (ISD) and Bloom Protection Scotland (HPS) sections of Accessible Bloom and Intelligence (PHI) (which was in itself a cardinal business assemblage of NHS Civic Casework Scotland (NSS)).[99] According to a 6 May 2020 address by the Press and Journal, PHS employs 1,100 agents and has a account this year of £71 million, and it is accordingly answerable to the Scottish Government and the Convention of Scottish Bounded Authorities (Cosla).[100]

'Scotland Cares' campaign

A new 'Scotland Cares' attack was launched on Monday 30 March to animate bodies to advance during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Added than 21,000 bodies active up on the aboriginal day. By 4 April, the cardinal of registrations to advance stood at 50,330. Cabinet Secretary for Amusing Security and Older Bodies Shirley-Anne Somerville said, "The acknowledgment to the Scotland Cares attack has been outstanding and I appetite to acknowledge anniversary and every actuality who has active up to advance during the coronavirus outbreak. Your abutment at this analytical time is invaluable and will accomplish a huge aberration over the advancing weeks and months."[101][102] In addition, bodies who are advantageous and not at accident can advance via the Ready Scotland website.[103]

Vulnerable groups

Mailed advice about COVID-19, from Aboriginal Minister

Those in accessible groups were able from 3 April to annals for deliveries of aliment and medicine. This included about 120,000 bodies in Scotland who had been brash to shield[104] at home (12 weeks of self-isolation), those with suppressed or compromised allowed systems, and those with basal bloom conditions. The Scottish Government mailed out advice about self-isolating if affection developed in a domiciliary affiliate and about accurate measures during the pandemic.[105]

Testing and acquaintance tracing

Testing capacity

Further information: COVID-19 testing

NHS Scotland's testing adaptation for COVID-19 added from about 750 a day in aboriginal March[106] to about 1,900 a day in aboriginal April.[107]

By 15 March coronavirus testing was continued into Scotland's communities but there would be no accepted testing of bodies with accessory symptoms.[108]

NHS Scotland affairs to ability a testing adaptation of about 3,500 a day by the end of April.[109][110]

Glasgow University is to barrage a above coronavirus testing ability in mid-April, staffed 24/7 by added than 500 volunteers including atomic scientists, technicians and bioinformaticians.

Aberdeen University has provided three machines to NHS Grampian to acceleration up coronavirus testing.[111]

By 2 April 2020, about 3,500 tests acquire been conducted on NHS workers and ancestors associates in Scotland. It was additionally appear in that anniversary that about 6pc of Scotland's frontline NHS agents are not currently working, either because they acquire coronavirus affection or alive with accession who has.[112] A coronavirus testing ability for NHS agents was opened at Glasgow Airport car esplanade on 5 April.[113]

Chief Medical Administrator for Scotland Catherine Calderwood declared accumulation testing as a aberration that will not apathetic bottomward the advance of the virus. She said: "I acquire been adage and advising the Aboriginal Minister and the Cabinet Secretary for several weeks now about the aberration that I anticipate the focus on testing may become. The testing is acutely advantageous but it is alone activity to be absolute aural a abbreviate window of conceivably 48 to 72 hours while somebody has symptoms, because there needs to be an bulk of virus in that actuality to be able for that to be detected. But the anticipation that the testing in some way slows the virus or is a allotment of our activity to anticipate manual is a fallacy, I'm afraid. The testing gives us added advice but the amusing break and all of these acrimonious measures are what we absolutely charge to anticipate advance and anticipate austere illnesses and death."[114][112]

Cam Donaldson, a bloom economist and Pro Carnality Chancellor Research, Glasgow Caledonian University has accounting of his scepticism of a "mass testing" strategy.[115]

Derek Gatherer a arch Scottish virologist has warned affairs to test, trace and abstract anybody adulterated with the coronavirus afterwards lockdown will not apathetic its spread.[116](subscription required)

Experts who acquire advocated a accumulation or ample calibration testing access accommodate Harry Burns aloft Scotland Arch Medical Officer[117](subscription required) and Allan Wilson Admiral of the Institute of Biomedical Science[118]

Professor Hugh Pennington one of the arch bacteriologists said class testing could acquire been calmly scaled up ten-fold and criticised aloft arch medical administrator Catherine Calderwood for absolution testing as a 'distraction' that would not admonition to accommodate the virus. Pennington believed a abortion to access testing to able levels will prove to be an astronomic embarrassment to the UK and Scottish governments. He said: "You test, so you can trace afresh booty adapted action, it's basal shoe covering epidemiology," abacus he would not be afraid if the abridgement of testing had amount lives, decidedly in affliction homes. "We apperceive [care homes] are hotbeds of infection, accessible in anniversary flu outbreaks and that you acquire to accessory afterwards them by endlessly the virus accepting in. Abundant of that comes aback to testing, archetype and isolating."

Former Scottish bloom secretary Alex Neil agreed, "the countries that acquire done this aback day one are those with the everyman afterlife and infection ante and accumulation testing allows you to analyze a additional beachcomber of infection if it appears."[119]

Professor of Immunology Denis Kinane said Scotland would charge to conduct at atomic 15,000 tests a day to get on top of the disease.

Research agitated out by accurate online advertisement Our World In Abstracts on COVID-19 analysis ante beyond EU affiliate states ranked Scotland at 19 out of 25 countries that broadcast such data.[119]

As of 11 May 2020,[25] a absolute of 74,063 bodies in Scotland had been activated for COVID-19 in NHS labs. Of these, 13,627 tests were accustomed positive, 60,436 tests were accustomed abrogating and 1,862 patients who activated absolute acquire died. A absolute of 101,122 COVID-19 tests had been agitated out by NHS Scotland labs in hospitals, affliction homes or the community. In accession there were a absolute of 27,647 drive through and adaptable tests agitated out by Regional Testing Centres in Scotland.

Contact archetype system

Ciaran Jenkins of Channel 4 Account assorted the differing approaches on contact-tracing activity amidst the Republic of Ireland and the bloom authorities in the UK including Scotland's.[120][121]

Public bloom able Prof Allyson Pollock has argued that a bespoke test-trace-isolate access could assignment able-bodied in Scottish island communities[122]

Public healthcare infrastructure

Primary affliction network

Health Secretary Jeane Freeman said in a account in the Scottish Parliament a arrangement of COVID-19 bounded appraisal centres was to be set up beyond Scotland with 50 planned in the aboriginal wave.[123][124][125][126] A arrangement of "humanitarian abetment centres" is additionally to be set up, alive with GPs and added bounded ally to align commitment of medicine, affliction casework and grocery delivery.[127]

Hospital capacity

Scotland has an estimated 3,000 hospital beds accepted to be accessible for coronavirus patients in hospitals beyond Scotland.[107]

ICU adaptation beyond Scotland has angled to 360 beds aback the emergency began, 250 of which will be for the absolute use of coronavirus patients, with that cardinal accepted to access to added than 500 in the aboriginal anniversary of April as affairs abide appear eventually quadrupling the cardinal to added than 700 ICU beds.[107][needs update]

The NHS Louisa Jordan emergency coronavirus hospital ability at the SEC Centre will initially acquire adaptation for 300 patients, which could be broadcast in the approaching to added than 1,000.[107]

Scottish hospitals plan to acquire about 1,000 ventilators by the summer for coronavirus patients.[128]

By 1 April 2020, NHS analytic and abstruse agents acquire adapted over 200 anaesthetic machines into ventilators to access ICU bed availability to added than 500, tripling the accepted capacity.[129]

By 24 March added than 3,000 retired Scottish nurses, doctors and added medical workers acquire volunteered to acknowledgment to assignment as allotment of efforts to admonition the NHS cope. As able-bodied as application retired workers, all final year nursing and midwifery acceptance will additionally be accustomed paid assignment placements on wards during the final six months of their amount programmes.[130]

On 30 March, Aboriginal Minister Nicola Sturgeon appear the abeyance of several non-coronavirus screens (such as diabetic eye screening) to admonition chargeless up NHS agents and abate the accident of virus acknowledgment to patients. All constituent and non-urgent surgeries had already been annulled beyond Scotland to chargeless up hospital beds.[131]

On 27 April 121 inferior doctors acquire started their careers aboriginal to abutment NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Scotland's better bloom lath in its coronavirus response. A new post, foundation boilerplate year, was created to acquiesce them to alpha beforehand instead of August and they would be placed at Glasgow Royal Infirmary; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; and Inverclyde Royal Hospital, Greenock.[132]

As of 11 May 2020,[25] 3,114 inpatients acquire been absolved from Scottish hospitals aback 5 March 2020, who had been activated absolute for COVID-19. 632 bodies are in delayed acquittal in Scottish hospitals. This is 980 beneath than the baseline aeon (04/03 account return). A absolute of 6,227 agents (or about 3.8%) of the NHS Scotland workforce, are advertisement as absent due to a ambit of COVID-19 accompanying reasons.

Hospital-acquired infection

On the affair of hospital-acquired infections, Michael Griffin, admiral of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh warned coronavirus may be overextension in hospitals at alert the bulk of its manual in communities.[133] He said "we acquire to accomplish our hospital ambiance as safe as possible. In the accepted population, the bulk of reproduction of COVID-19 is beneath than one but in hospitals it is estimated at article like two."

A&E departments

The cardinal of bodies accessory Accident and Emergency departments in Scotland has collapsed by added than 55% compared with 2019. NHS Scotland statistics acknowledge 11,881 bodies abounding A&E in the additional anniversary of April 2020, bottomward from 26,674 patients in 2019 and 25,067 in 2018.[133]

NHS staffing levels

As of 2 April, added than 14% of NHS Scotland agents were off work, according to Scottish government abstracts and about 41% of those absences (equating to 9,719 people) were accompanying to coronavirus. NHS Scotland's absolute workforce is about 166,000 people.[134]

As of 11 May 2020,[25] a absolute of 6,227 agents (or about 3.8%) of the NHS Scotland workforce, are advertisement as absent due to a ambit of COVID-19 accompanying reasons.

Personal accurate equipment

On 2 April, new admonition on adapted claimed accurate accessories (PPE) for healthcare hospital, accepted practice, ambulance and amusing affliction workers responding to COVID-19 has been issued by officials.[135]

On 26 April 2020, in acknowledgment to a Sunday Times adventure that claimed the Scottish government bootless to acquire offers from six Scottish firms alms to accumulation PPE, a backer for the Scottish government said it had accustomed 1,600 offers of admonition from Scottish businesses and individuals to accumulation or accomplish PPE and that a committed aggregation and mailbox had been set up to focus on offers from bounded and all-around suppliers. The backer added: "we accept that abeyant suppliers will admiration alert decisions but our antecedence focus is to bound analyze those offers that can accumulation the better volumes at the actual affection blueprint and timescales all-important to accommodated the requirements of frontline services".[136]

Health secretary Jeane Freeman appear that PPE would be accessible to amusing affliction providers through a civic arrangement of hubs from 27 April 2020.[119]

Dundee University Assistant of vascular anesthetic Jill Belch has spearheaded a Masks for Scotland six-figure fundraising drive to buy PPE for frontline workers.

Clinical research

See also: Coronavirus ache 2019 § Research, and COVID-19 biologic repurposing research

Organisations in Scotland circuitous in COVID-19 accompanying analytic analysis studies[137] accommodate the Arch Scientist Office's Rapid Analysis in COVID-19 programme (RARC-19 programme),[138] Bloom Science Scotland, NHS Analysis Scotland,[139] Glasgow University,[140] Dundee University,[141][142][143] Edinburgh University.[144]

As of 22 April arch medical administrator Dr Gregor Smith said about 800 patients acquire so far taken allotment in at atomic 10 analytic studies to advance coronavirus treatments, with accession four actuality set up in hospitals, accelerated affliction units and primary affliction facilities. One abstraction is attractive at whether absolute HIV drugs including Lopinavir and Ritonavir could be acclimated with after-effects accessible in three months. Accession abstraction led by Dr Kenneth Baillie of Edinburgh University looks at the analysis of patients affected to astringent affliction by comparing patients' DNA with that of advantageous bodies who appearance no or balmy symptoms.

Dundee University is to advance a balloon into brensocatib (formerly accustomed as INS1007) a biologic for lung deepening (acute respiratory ache syndrome) to amusement the affliction affection of coronavirus and anticipate the charge for ventilation. Up to 20% of COVID-19 patients advance lung deepening which can crave them to be ventilated. The anarchic acknowledgment to the virus causes lung accident that can advance to respiratory abortion and afterlife in astringent cases. It is hoped the analysis will additionally advance to patients spending beneath canicule abased on oxygen and beneath periods of time in hospital, abbreviation the accountability on healthcare systems. Funding and biologic accumulation for the STOP-COVID19 (Superiority Balloon of Protease Inhibition in COVID-19) balloon is actuality provided by biopharmaceutical aggregation Insmed Incorporated. The balloon is to alpha in May and advisers plan to recruit 300 volunteers from 10 hospitals. The activity is led by James Chalmers, assistant of respiratory analysis at Dundee University and adviser respiratory physician at Ninewells Hospital, one of the balloon sites. NHS Tayside analysis and development administrator Assistant Jacob George is the abstraction investigator.

Impacts

Health

Care homes

The Guardian's Libby Brooks appear that added aliment of claimed accurate accessories (PPE) would be delivered anon to added than 1,000 affliction homes in Scotland.[when?]

Before the communicable the affliction area usually sourced its own PPE, but as acute burden was put on accumulation chains apropos grew that PPE manufacturers did not acquire adaptation to bear to Scotland in able quantities.

The Scottish government appear on 17/18 April that the NHS Civic Casework Scotland would prioritise the commitment of banal anon to affliction homes area the virus is accustomed to be present, although banal would still be provided to bounded hubs which accumulation PPE to added amusing affliction workers. [145]

Two of the affliction doubtable outbreaks in affliction homes occurred at Elderslie affliction home in Paisley, Renfrewshire and at Berelands Abode Affliction in Prestwick, Ayrshire.[146]

Thirteen association at the Glasgow-based Burlington Affliction Home died in one anniversary afterward a doubtable alpha of coronavirus. The Affliction Inspectorate has been fabricated acquainted of the deaths and are in acquaintance with the affliction service, as able-bodied as the bounded bloom and amusing affliction partnership.[147]

As of 10 May 2020,[25] 474 (44% of all) developed affliction homes had a accepted doubtable COVID-19 case. This is a affliction home area at atomic one affliction home citizen has apparent affection during the aftermost 14 days. 609 (or 56% of all) developed affliction homes in Scotland had appear at atomic one notification for doubtable COVID-19 to the Affliction Inspectorate. 434 of these affliction homes acquire appear added than one case of doubtable COVID-19. There acquire been 4,503 accumulative cases of doubtable COVID-19 in affliction homes. This is an access of 58 doubtable cases on the antecedent day. 3,672 agents were appear as absent in developed affliction homes due to COVID-19, based on allotment accustomed from 822 (76%) developed affliction homes as of 5 May. This represents 8.5% of all developed affliction home agents (43,403) for whom a acknowledgment was provided.

Effect of Lockdown on NHS services

An appraisal of the actual appulse of the COVID-19 communicable on motor neuron ache casework and bloodshed in Scotland has apparent that there has been no aboriginal access in bloodshed but that there is a charge for acuity as key casework were apparent to be impacted upon.[148]

Education

As of 19 March 2020, the Robert Gordon University, Edinburgh Napier University, the University of Dundee, the University of Glasgow, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow Caledonian University, the University of Aberdeen, Edinburgh University, Heriot-Watt University, University of Stirling and University of Strathclyde had annulled or abeyant contiguous classes. Scottish political parties (Green, Conservatives, SNP) additionally annulled their bounce conferences.[149]

Events

In aboriginal March, with Rangers vs Leverkusen actuality the aftermost bold played in Scotland on 12 March, football matches in the Scottish Professional Football League were annulled until added notice, alongside a Six Nations bold amidst Wales and Scotland. Radio 1's Big Weekend, which was due to booty abode in Dundee in May 2020 was annulled in acknowledgment to the outbreak.[149]

On 7 May, The Royal Civic Mòd Inverness, appointed for October was adjourned to 2021. The abutting three Mods were additionally to the consecutive year.[150]

Police, cloister and bastille systems

Scottish Badge Federation (SPF) claimed new PPE for admiral would not accommodate any “meaningful protection”, afterwards Badge Scotland appear agents would be accustomed surgical face masks to abrasion aback adhering to amusing break measures was not possible. But the SPF said that its new able communicable acknowledgment console banned to endorse the blazon two masks.[145]

From 27 March to 24 April 2020, badge admiral acquire fabricated 78 arrests and issued 1,637 anchored amends notices in Scotland accompanying to lockdown violations.[151]

On 2 April, BBC Scotland said it begin about a division of Scottish Bastille Account agents are absent from assignment amidst the coronavirus outbreak. The SPS said 110 prisoners over 11 sites were self-isolating. At that time, two had activated absolute for COVID-19.[152]

The aboriginal recorded coronavirus-related afterlife of a Scottish bastille administrator was appear on 22 April. SPS agent Tom Fox accustomed area adapted all bastille admiral are provided with PPE. It is not believed that the administrator bent the virus while at work.

As of 23 April 94 bodies in aegis beyond nine sites are self-isolating, 12 bodies acquire activated absolute and agents absences are at 19.7% of the workforce.

The Scottish Courts and Tribunal Account has circumscribed its assignment into 10 hub sheriff courts with as abundant assignment as accessible done remotely.

It is estimated 300 to 450 prisoners will be appear in phases starting at the end of April, and about 1,600 trials could be delayed if lockdown restrictions abide into the summer.

Deputy arch constable Will Kerr said the cardinal of bodies in badge aegis has been decidedly bottomward during the communicable and said changes during the lockdown such as basic courts and agenda affirmation acquire helped minimise acquaintance and time spent in aegis and could be retained already the communicable is over.

Economy

GDP

The Scottish Government's Arch Economist Gary Gillespie said Scotland's GDP could abatement by as abundant as 33% from the lockdown crisis.

Social Security

During March and aboriginal April, there were about 110,000 Universal Credit claims in Scotland, up from an boilerplate of 20,000 a ages in 2019.

Citizens Admonition Scotland provides admonition to those who acquaintance difficulties abyssal the circuitous abundance system.

Transport Industry

Glasgow Auto Owners' Association apprenticed auto drivers to be accurate during the advancing COVID-19 pandemic, afterwards audition letters of drivers falling ill.[153] Arch Nursing Administrator Fiona McQueen said acceptable duke hygiene is basic forth with concrete break and cutting face coverings aback in amidst spaces such as shops and accessible transport.[154][155]

Retail Industry

Retail sales in Scotland for March 2020 beneath 13% in allegory to March 2019 Scottish Retail Consortium-KPMG Scottish Retail Monitor. Pre-lockdown the adviser recorded a 9% advance in the aboriginal three weeks of March but this was followed by a 44% abatement in the aftermost two weeks of that period. Absolute aliment sales were up 12.1% adjoin the antecedent year while absolute non-food sales were bottomward 33.6%. Adjusted for the estimated aftereffect of online sales, absolute non-food sales decreased by 27.9%.[156]

Construction Industry

Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) said its banderole accomplishment for workloads in Scotland fell into abrogating area for the aboriginal time in four years, bottomward by 4% in the aboriginal three months of 2020. Its annual analysis of associates begin aplomb fell acutely aback the lockdown measures were introduced.

In Scotland, assignment was ordered to be abeyant on all non-essential architecture projects from 6 April.[157] By 17 April 79% of all housebuilding schemes had been abeyant (according to a Glenigan analysis of projects with a architecture amount of added than £250,000).[158]