Tamil Nadu (Tamil: [ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ] (About this soundlisten)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its basal and bigger burghal is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost allotment of the Indian subcontinent and is belted by the abutment breadth of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is belted by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri Mountains, the Meghamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The accompaniment shares a amphibian bound with the nation of Sri Lanka.
The arena was disqualified by several empires, including the three abundant empires – Chera, Chola and Pandyan empires, which appearance the region's cuisine, culture, and architecture. Afterwards the abatement of Commonwealth of Mysore, the British Colonial aphorism during the avant-garde aeon led to the actualization of Chennai, afresh accepted as Madras, as a burghal city. Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 afterwards the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines. The accompaniment is home to a cardinal of acclaimed buildings, multi-religious crusade sites, acropolis stations and three Apple Ancestry sites.[8][9][10]
Tamil Nadu is the tenth bigger Indian accompaniment by breadth and the sixth bigger by population. The abridgement of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest accompaniment abridgement in India with ₹18.45 abundance (US$260 billion) in gross calm achievement with a per capita GDP of ₹218,000 (US$3,100).[3] It ranks 11th amid all Indian states in animal development index.[5] Tamil Nadu is the best urbanized accompaniment in India, and one of the best automated states; the accomplishment breadth accounts for added than one-third of the state's GDP.[11] Its official accent is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.
Prehistory
Archaeological affirmation credibility to this breadth actuality one of the longest affiliated habitations in the Indian peninsula.[12] In Attirampakkam, archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Ancestry Apprenticeship biconcave age-old bean accoutrement which advance that a humanlike citizenry existed in the Tamil Nadu arena about about 1,000 years afore homo sapiens accustomed from Africa.[13][14] In Adichanallur, 24 km (15 mi) from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Assay of India (ASI) unearthed 169 adobe urns absolute animal skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice, broiled rice, and celts of the Neolithic period, 3,800 years ago.[15] The ASI archaeologists accept proposed that the calligraphy acclimated at that site, Tamil Brahmi, is "very rudimentary" and date it about amid the 5th aeon BCE and 3rd aeon BCE.[16] Adichanallur has been appear as an archaeological armpit for added blasting and studies.[17] About 60 per cent of the absolute epigraphical inscriptions begin by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and best of these are in the Tamil language.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Indus basin calligraphy amid 2000 and 1500 BCE
A Neolithic bean celt (a hand-held axe) with the Indus calligraphy on it was apparent at Sembian-Kandiyur abreast Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu. According to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the aboriginal datable achievement address the Indus calligraphy to be begin in Tamil Nadu. According to Mahadevan, the acquisition was affirmation of the use of the Harappan language, and accordingly that the "Neolithic bodies of the Tamil country batten a Harappan language". The date of the celt was estimated at amid 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. Though this award charcoal contested, like the affirmation of historian Michel Danino who rubbishes the approach of the latter's southward clearing in a cardboard he presented at the All-embracing Symposium on Indus Civilisation and Tamil Accent in 2007. He wrote: ‘There is no archaeological affirmation of a southward clearing through the Deccan afterwards the end of the burghal appearance of the Indus Basin Civilisation The alone absolute affirmation of movements at that aeon is of Astern Harappans abrupt appear the Ganges plains and appear Gujarat... Clearing apart, there is a complete absence of Harappan artefacts and appearance south of the Vindhyas: no Harappan designs on pottery, no Harappan seals, crafts and ornaments, no trace of Harappan urbanism… Cultural chain from Harappan to actual times has been added accurate in Arctic India, but not in the South… This means, in effect, that the south-bound Astern Harappans would accept changed from an avant-garde burghal bronze-age ability to a Neolithic one! Their clearing to South would appropriately aggregate a bifold “archaeological miracle”: afar from actuality ephemeral on the ground, it implies that the migrants accomplished a absolute breach with all their traditions. Such a abnormality is exceptional of.’ [26][27][28]
Sangam aeon (500 BCE – 300 CE)
Main articles: Sangam period, Tamilakam, and Sangam landscape
Keeladi, a Sangam Era Blasting Site, Sangam period[29]
The aboriginal history of the bodies and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a affair in Tamil arcane sources accepted as Sangam literature. Numismatic, archaeological and arcane sources approve that the Sangam aeon lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE. The contempo excavations in Alagankulam archaeological armpit suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important barter centres or anchorage cities of the Sangam Era.[30]
During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the acceleration of the Pallava absolutism beneath Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I.[35] The Pallavas disqualified genitalia of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. Tamil architectonics accomplished its aiguille during Pallava rule. Narasimhavarman II congenital the Shore Temple which is a UNESCO Apple Ancestry Site.
Much later, the Pallavas were replaced by the Chola absolutism as the ascendant commonwealth in the 9th aeon and they in about-face were replaced by the Pandyan Absolutism in the 13th century. The Pandyan basal Madurai was in the abysmal south abroad from the coast. They had all-encompassing barter links with the southeast Asian amphibian empires of Srivijaya and their successors, as able-bodied as contacts, alike academic adept contacts, all-encompassing as far as the Roman Empire. During the 13th century, Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the richest authority in existence. Temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture.[36] The Pandyas excelled in both barter and literature. They controlled the fair fisheries forth the south bank of India, amid Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest chaplet in the accepted age-old world.
Chola Empire
Main article: Chola dynasty
The Chola Authority at its greatest extent, during the administering of Rajendra Chola I in 1030
During the 9th century, the Chola absolutism was already afresh active by Vijayalaya Chola, who accustomed Thanjavur as Chola's new basal by acquisition axial Tamil Nadu from Mutharaiyar and the Pandya baron Varagunavarman II. Aditya I and his son Parantaka I broadcast the commonwealth to the arctic genitalia of Tamil Nadu by acquisition the aftermost Pallava king, Aparajitavarman. Parantaka Chola II broadcast the Chola authority into what is now autogenous Andhra Pradesh and littoral Karnataka, while beneath the abundant Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose to a notable ability in southeast Asia. Now the Chola Authority continued as far as Bengal and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the authority spanned about 3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi). Rajaraja Chola baffled all of peninsular South India and genitalia of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's fleet went alike further, application coasts from Burma (now ) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya, Philippines[37] in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the baron of Bengal, and to admire his achievement he congenital a new basal and alleged it Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Architecture from Chola aeon From larboard to right: Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram; Natarajan, Shiva as angelic dancer; and Parvathi, the accompaniment of Shiva
The Cholas were abounding temple builders appropriate from the times of the aboriginal medieval baron Vijayalaya Chola. These are the age-old case of Dravidian temples beneath the Cholas. His son Aditya I congenital several temples about the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to acceptable a abundant ability and congenital some of the best arty religious structures in their lifetime and they additionally adapted temples and barrio of the Pallavas, acknowledging their accepted socio-religious and cultural heritage. The acclaimed Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, Tiruchirappalli, captivated appropriate acceptation for the Cholas which accept been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola congenital temples such as the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram and the Sarabeswara (Shiva) Temple, additionally alleged the Kampahareswarar Temple at Thirubhuvanam, the aftermost two temples actuality amid abreast Kumbakonam. The aboriginal three of the aloft four temples are blue-blooded Abundant Living Chola Temples amid the UNESCO Apple Ancestry Sites.
Great Living Chola Temples
The granite gopuram (tower) of Brihadisvara Temple, 1010 CE
Airavatesvara Temple congenital by Rajaraja Chola II in the 12th aeon CE
The cone-shaped anatomy aloft the atelier at Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Brihadisvara Temple Entrance Gopurams at Thanjavur
Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal at Madurai
Vijayanagar and Nayak aeon (1336–1646)
Main article: Vijayanagara Empire
The Muslim invasions of southern India triggered the enactment of the Hindu Vijayanagara Authority with Vijayanagara in avant-garde Karnataka as its capital. The Vijayanagara authority eventually baffled the absolute Tamil country by c. 1370 and disqualified for about two centuries until its defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by a alliance of Deccan sultanates. Subsequently, as the Vijayanagara Authority went into abatement afterwards the mid-16th century, abounding bounded rulers, alleged Nayaks, succeeded in accepting the accouterment of independence. This eventually resulted in the added abrasion of the empire; abounding Nayaks declared themselves independent, amid whom the Nayaks of Madurai and Tanjore were the aboriginal to acknowledge their independence, admitting initially advancement apart links with the Vijayanagara kingdom.[36] The Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur were the best arresting Nayaks of the 17th century. They reconstructed some of the acclaimed temples in Tamil Nadu such as the Meenakshi Temple.
An aeriform appearance of the Meenakshi Temple
An aeriform appearance of the Meenakshi Temple from the top of the southern gopuram, attractive north. The temple was rebuilt by the Vijayanagar Empire.
Power struggles of the 18th aeon (1688–1802)
By the aboriginal 18th century, the political arena in Tamil Nadu saw a aloft change-over and was beneath the ascendancy of abounding accessory rulers ambitious to be independent. The abatement of the Vijayanagara authority and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the sultanate of Golconda a adventitious to aggrandize into the Tamil heartland. Back the sultanate was congenital into the Mughal Authority in 1688, the arctic allotment of current-day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the Nawab of the Carnatic, who had his bench in Arcot from 1715 onward. Meanwhile, to the south, the abatement of the Thanjavur Nayaks led to a abrupt Thanjavur Maratha kingdom. The abatement of the Madurai Nayaks brought up abounding baby Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who disqualified baby accoutrements of acreage alleged Palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were accepted as Palaiyakkarar (or 'polygar' as alleged by British) and were cardinal beneath the nawabs of the Carnatic.
Fort Dansborg at Tharangambadi congenital by the Danish
Europeans started to authorize barter centres during the 17th aeon in the eastern littoral regions. About 1609, the Dutch accustomed a adjustment in Pulicat,[38] while the Danes had their enactment in Tharangambadi additionally accepted as Tranquebar.[39] In 1639, the British, beneath the East India Company, accustomed a adjustment added south of Pulicat, in abreast Chennai. British complete Acropolis St. George[40] and accustomed a trading column at Madras.[41] The appointment of mayoralty of Madras was accustomed in 1688. The French accustomed trading posts at Pondichéry by 1693. The British and French were aggressive to aggrandize the barter in the arctic genitalia of Tamil Nadu which additionally witnessed abounding battles like Battle of Wandiwash as allotment of the Seven Years' War.[42] British bargain the French dominions in India to Puducherry. Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax acquirement accumulating rights on the East India Aggregation for acquisition the Commonwealth of Mysore. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered abundant of his breadth to the East India Aggregation which durably accustomed the British in the arctic parts. In 1762, a tripartite accord was active amid Thanjavur Maratha, Carnatic, and the British by which Thanjavur became a addict of the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to the British.
In the south, Nawabs accepted taxation rights to the British which led to conflicts amid British and the Palaiyakkarar, which resulted in alternation of wars alleged Polygar war to authorize absolute states by the ambitious Palaiyakkarar. Puli Thevar was one of the age-old opponents of the British aphorism in South India.[43] Thevar's arresting exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam, who afterwards rebelled adjoin the British in the astern 1750s and aboriginal 1760s. Rani Velu Nachiyar, was the aboriginal woman abandon fighter of India and Queen of Sivagangai.[44] She was fatigued to war afterwards her bedmate Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar (1750–1772), Baron of Sivaganga was murdered at Kalayar Kovil temple by British. Afore her death, Queen Velu Nachi accepted admiral to the Maruthu brothers to aphorism Sivaganga.[45] Kattabomman (1760–1799), Palaiyakkara arch of Panchalakurichi who fought the British in the Aboriginal Polygar War.[46] He was captured by the British at the end of the war and hanged abreast Kayattar in 1799. Veeran Sundaralingam (1700–1800) was the Accepted of Kattabomman Nayakan's palayam, who died in the action of alarming up a British armament dump in 1799 which dead added than 150 British soldiers to save Kattapomman Palace. Oomaithurai, adolescent brother of Kattabomman, took cover beneath the Maruthu brothers, Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and aloft an army.[47] They formed a affiliation with Dheeran Chinnamalai and Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja which fought the British in Added Polygar Wars. Dheeran Chinnamalai (1756–1805), Polygar administrator of Kongu and accessory of Tipu Sultan who fought the British in the Added Polygar War. Afterwards acceptable the Polygar wars in 1801, the East India Aggregation circumscribed best of southern India into the Madras Presidency.
Princely accompaniment of Pudukkottai (1680–1948 CE)
Tiruvilliputhur Andal Temple Gopuram has been adopted as the official Seal of Tamil Nadu.
The Pudukkottai Thondaimans rose to ability over the Pudukkottai breadth by the end of the 17th Century. The Pudukkottai commonwealth has the acumen of actuality the alone baronial accompaniment in Tamil Nadu, and alone became allotment of the Indian abutment in 1948 afterwards independence.[48]
Vellore Disobedience and Indian Rebellion (1801–1947 CE)
Main article: Madras Presidency
At the alpha of the 19th century, the British durably accustomed babyminding over the absoluteness of Tamil Nadu. The Vellore disobedience on 10 July 1806 was the aboriginal instance of a all-embracing disobedience by Indian sepoys adjoin the British East India Company, predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by bisected a century.[49] The revolt, which took abode in Vellore, was brief, abiding one abounding day, but barbarous as mutineers bankrupt into the Vellore acropolis and dead or blood-soaked 200 British troops, afore they were chastened by reinforcements from adjacent Arcot.[50][51] The British acme took over the ascendancy babyminding from the aggregation and the butt of the 19th aeon did not attestant any built-in attrition until the alpha of 20th aeon Indian Ability movements. During the administering of Governor George Harris (1854–1859) measures were taken to advance apprenticeship and access the representation of Indians in the administration. Aldermanic admiral are accustomed to the Governor's board beneath the Indian Councils Act 1861 and 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms eventually led to the enactment of the Madras Aldermanic Council. Failure of the summer monsoons and authoritative shortcomings of the Ryotwari arrangement resulted in two astringent famines in the Madras Presidency, the Abundant Dearth of 1876–78 and the Indian dearth of 1896–97. The dearth led to the clearing of bodies as affirmed labourers for the British to assorted countries which eventually formed the present Tamil diaspora.
Post-Independence (1947–present)
When India became absolute in 1947, Madras admiral became Madras State, absolute abreast Tamil Nadu, littoral Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam commune in Odisha, South Canara commune Karnataka, and genitalia of Kerala. The accompaniment was afterwards breach up forth linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras Accompaniment was renamed Tamil Nadu, acceptation "Tamil country".[52]
Geography
Topographic map of Tamil Nadu
Western Ghats bisect forth the western bound of Tamil Nadu
Main article: Geography of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu covers an breadth of 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi), and is the tenth-largest accompaniment in India. The abutting states are Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the north-west and Andhra Pradesh to the north. To the east is the Bay of Bengal and the accompaniment encircles the abutment breadth of Puducherry. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is Kanyakumari which is the affair point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean.
The western, southern, and the northwestern genitalia are arresting and affluent in vegetation. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats accommodated at the Nilgiri Hills. The Western Ghats bisect the absolute western bound with Kerala, finer blocking abundant of the rain-bearing clouds of the south-west cloudburst from entering the state. The eastern genitalia are abundant littoral plains and the arctic genitalia are a mix of hills and plains. The axial and the south-central regions are barren plains and accept beneath condensate than the added regions.
Tamil Nadu has the country's third-longest bank at about 906.9 km (563.5 mi).[53] Pamban Island and a accumulation of abate limestone shoals accomplish up the arctic allocation of Adam's Bridge, which was aforetime a accustomed arch bond India with Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu's bank bore the burden of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami back it hit India, which acquired 7,793 absolute deaths in the state. Tamil Nadu avalanche mostly in a arena of low seismic hazard with the barring of the western bound areas that lie in a low to abstinent hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu avalanche in Zones II and III. Historically, genitalia of this arena accept accomplished seismic action in the M5.0 range.[54]
Climate
Tamil Nadu is mostly abased on cloudburst rains and thereby is decumbent to droughts back the monsoons fail. The ambit of the accompaniment ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The accompaniment has two audible periods of rainfall:
South west cloudburst from June to September, with able southwest winds;
North east cloudburst from October to December, with ascendant northeast winds;
The anniversary condensate of the accompaniment is about 945 mm (37.2 in) of which 48 per cent is through the northeast monsoon, and 32 per cent through the southwest monsoon. Back the accompaniment is absolutely abased on rains for recharging its baptize resources, cloudburst failures advance to astute baptize absence and astringent drought.[55] Tamil Nadu is disconnected into seven agro-climatic zones: northeast, northwest, west, southern, aerial rainfall, aerial ambit hilly, and Kaveri Basin (the best abundant agronomical zone).
Flora and fauna
Main articles: Wildlife of Tamil Nadu and List of birds of Tamil Nadu
There are about 2,000 breed of wildlife that are built-in to Tamil Nadu. Protected areas accommodate safe abode for ample mammals including elephants, tigers, leopards, agrarian dogs, sloth bears, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri langurs, Nilgiri tahrs, aged behemothic squirrels and sambar deer, citizen and afoot birds such as cormorants, darters, herons, egrets, open-billed storks, spoonbills and white ibises, little grebes, Indian moorhen, black-winged stilts, a few afoot ducks and occasionally blah pelicans, abyssal breed such as the dugongs, turtles, dolphins, Balanoglossus and a advanced array of angle and insects.
Indian Angiosperm assortment comprises 17,672 breed with Tamil Nadu arch all states in the country, with 5640 breed accounting for 1/3 of the absolute flora of India. This includes 1,559 breed of alleviative plants, 533 age-old species, 260 breed of agrarian ancestors of able plants and 230 red-listed species. The gymnosperm assortment of the country is 64 breed of which Tamil Nadu has four aboriginal breed and about 60 alien species. The Pteridophytes assortment of India includes 1,022 breed of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers of bryophytes, lichen, fungi, algae, and bacilli are amid the agrarian bulb assortment of Tamil Nadu.
Common bulb breed accommodate the accompaniment tree: palmyra palm, eucalyptus, rubber, cinchona, clumping bamboos (Bambusa arundinacea), accepted teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian laurel, grewia, and blooming copse like Indian labumusum, ardisia, and solanaceae. Rare and different bulb action includes Combretum ovalifolium, atramentous (Diospyros nilagrica), Habenaria rariflora (orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and aristocratic fern.[56]
National and accompaniment parks
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve has the bigger albatross citizenry in India.
Main article: Protected areas of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has a advanced ambit of biomes extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan arrow abrade forests to abutting dry broadleaf forests and afresh to the beaches, estuaries, alkali marshes, mangroves, seagrasses and apricot reefs of the Bay of Bengal. The accompaniment has a ambit of flora and fauna with abounding breed and habitats. To assure this assortment of wildlife there are Protected areas of Tamil Nadu as able-bodied as biospheres which assure beyond areas of accustomed abode generally accommodate one or added civic parks. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve accustomed in 1986 is a abyssal ecosystem with seaweed seagrass communities, apricot reefs, alkali marshes, and mangrove forests. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve amid in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills comprises allotment of abutting states of Kerala and Karnataka. The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is in the southwest of the accompaniment abutting Kerala in the Western Ghats. Tamil Nadu is home to bristles declared civic parks amid in Anamalai, Mudumalai, Mukurithi, Gulf of Mannar, Guindy amid in the centre of Chennai burghal and Vandalur amid in South Chennai. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi Civic Esplanade and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the tiger affluence in the state.
Governance and administration
Main articles: Government of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Legislature
Madras Aerial Court, Chennai
The governor is the built-in arch of the accompaniment while the Arch Abbot is the arch of the government and the arch of the board of ministers.[57] The Arch Justice of the Madras Aerial Cloister is the arch of the judiciary.[57] The present Governor, Arch Abbot and the Arch Justice are Banwarilal Purohit,[58] Edappadi K. Palaniswami[59] and Amreshwar Pratap Sahi[60] respectively. Administratively the accompaniment is disconnected into 38 districts. Chennai, the basal of the accompaniment is the fourth bigger burghal accession in India and is additionally one of the aloft burghal cities of India. The accompaniment comprises 39 Lok Sabha constituencies and 234 Aldermanic Accumulation constituencies.[61]
Tamil Nadu had a bicameral accumulation until 1986, back it was replaced with a unicameral legislature, like best added states in India. The appellation breadth of the government is bristles years. The present government is headed by Edappadi K. Palaniswami, afterwards the annihilation of aloft Arch Abbot of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalithaa of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The Tamil Nadu aldermanic accumulation is housed at the Acropolis St. George in Chennai. The accompaniment had appear beneath the president's aphorism on four occasions – aboriginal from 1976 to 1977, abutting for a abbreviate aeon in 1980, afresh from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991.
Tamil Nadu has been a beat accompaniment of E-Governance initiatives in India. A ample allotment of the government annal like acreage buying annal are digitised and all aloft offices of the accompaniment government like Burghal Bounded Bodies – all the corporations and borough appointment activities – acquirement collection, acreage allotment offices, and carriage offices accept been computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states breadth law and adjustment has been maintained abundantly successfully.[62] The Tamil Nadu Badge Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth-largest accompaniment badge force in India (as of 2015, absolute badge force of TN is 1,11,448) and has the accomplished admeasurement of women badge cadre in the country (total women badge cadre of TN is 13,842 which is about 12.42%) to accurately handled abandon adjoin women in Tamil Nadu.[63][64] In 2003, the accompaniment had a absolute badge citizenry arrangement of 1:668, academy than the civic boilerplate of 1:717.
Administrative subdivisions
Main articles: Districts of Tamil Nadu and Bounded government bodies in Tamil Nadu
Districts of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is disconnected in to four aloft accommodation as per the age-old Tamil kings namely Pallava Nadu division, Chera Nadu division, Chola Nadu assay and Pandya Nadu assay and the four accommodation are added subdivided into 38 districts, which are listed below. A commune is administered by a Commune Collector who is mostly an Indian Authoritative Account (IAS) member, appointed by Accompaniment Government. Districts are added disconnected into 226 Taluks administrated by Tahsildars absolute 1127 Acquirement blocks administrated by Acquirement Inspector (RI). A Commune has additionally one or added Acquirement Accommodation (in absolute 76) administrated by Acquirement Divisional Officer (RDO), constituted by abounding Acquirement Blocks. 16,564 Acquirement villages (Village Panchayat) are the primary grassroots akin authoritative units which in about-face ability accommodate abounding villages and administered by a Apple Authoritative Officer (VAO), abounding of which anatomy a Acquirement Block. Cities and towns are administered by Borough corporations and Municipalities respectively. The burghal bodies accommodate 15 burghal corporations, 152 municipalities and 529 boondocks panchayats.[65][66][67] The rural bodies accommodate 31 commune panchayats, 385 panchayat unions and 12,524 apple panchayats.[68][69][70]
North
Chennai-(01)
Vellore-(18)
Tiruvannamalai -(19)
Cuddalore-(22)
Villuppuram-(23)
Kancheepuram-(28)
Tiruvallur-(29)
Kallakurichi-(33)
Chengalpattu-(36)
Tirupattur -(35)
Ranipet -(37)
West
Coimbatore-(02)
Nilgiris-(05)
Salem-(07)
Dharmapuri-(11)
Erode-(13)
Dindigul-(16)
Karur-(24)
Namakkal-(27)
Krishnagiri-(30)
Tirupur-(32)
Central
Thanjavur-(08)
Tiruchirappalli-(09)
Pudukkottai-(12)
Nagapattinam-(20)
Tiruvarur-(21)
Perambalur-(25)
Ariyalur-(31)
Mayiladuthurai-(38)
South
Kanyakumari-(03)
Madurai-(04)
Ramanathapuram-(06)
Tirunelveli-(10)
Virudhunagar-(14)
Sivagangai-(15)
Thoothukudi-(17)
Theni-(26)
Tenkasi-(34)
Districts of Tamil Nadu
District Headquarters Area (km2) Population
(2011) Population
density (/km2)
1 Ariyalur Ariyalur 1,944 752,481 387
2 Chengalpattu Chengalpattu 2,945 2,556,423 870
3 Chennai Chennai 426 7,088,000 26,903
4 Coimbatore Coimbatore 4,642 3,172,578 648
5 Cuddalore Cuddalore 3,705 2,600,880 702
6 Dharmapuri Dharmapuri 4,527 1,502,900 332
7 Dindigul Dindigul 6,054 2,161,367 357
8 Erode Erode 5,692 2,259,608 397
9 Kallakurichi Kallakurichi 2,174 548,950 254
10 Kanyakumari Nagercoil 1,685 1,863,174 1,106
11 Kanchipuram Kanchipuram 1,448 1,441,829 1,000
12 Karur Karur 2,902 1,076,588 371
13 Krishnagiri Krishnagiri 5,091 1,883,731 370
14 Madurai Madurai 3,695 2,441,038 663
15 Mayiladuthurai Mayiladuthurai 1,172 917,000 782
16 Nagapattinam Nagapattinam 1,397 697,069 498
17 Namakkal Namakkal 3,402 1,721,179 506
18 Nilgiris Udagamandalam 2,552 735,071 288
19 Perambalur Perambalur 1,748 564,511 323
20 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai 4,652 1,618,725 348
21 Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram 4,180 1,337,560 320
22 Ranipet Ranipet 2,234 1,210,277 541
23 Salem Salem 5,249 3,480,008 663
24 Sivaganga Sivaganga 4,140 1,341,250 324
25 Tenkasi Tenkasi 2,916 1,407,627 480
26 Thanjavur Thanjavur 3,477 2,302,781 661
27 Theni Theni 2,872 1,143,684 397
28 Thoothukudi Thoothukudi 4,599 1,738,376 378
29 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 4,508 2,713,858 602
30 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 3,907 1,670,608 427
31 Tirupathur Tirupathur 1,797 1,111,812 618
32 Tirupur Tirupur 5,192 2,471,222 476
33 Tiruvallur Tiruvallur 3,552 3,725,697 1,049
34 Tiruvannamalai Tiruvannamalai 6,188 2,464,875 667
35 Tiruvarur Tiruvarur 2,379 1,268,094 533
36 Vellore Vellore 2,030 1,614,242 795
37 Viluppuram Viluppuram 3,725 2,093,003 560
38 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar 4,280 1,943,309 454
Demand for new districts
Due to added citizenry and for authoritative purposes, there is an access in demands for new districts:
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi accepted secretary E. R. Eswaran accepted his appeal for conception of new districts agreeable Coimbatore and Erode. Eswaran argued that both these districts had a ample cardinal of factories.[71]
Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts should be angled into two and actualize a new commune with Pollachi as headquarters. Similarly, Erode commune should be angled with the new commune accepting Gobichettypalayam as headquarters.[71]
Another appeal is that a new commune with the taluka Kumbakonam, Papanasam and Thiruvidaimarudur in the present Thanjavur commune and the taluka Valangaiman, Kodavasal and Nannilam in the present Tiruvarur commune with Kumbakonam as address should be created. Kumbakonam, which is in Thanjavur district, is the third-largest boondocks in the axial arena and the second-largest in the delta. The 150-year-old burghal has a arch administrative cloister court and key government offices.[72]
The accessible interests to bifurcate Tiruvannamalai commune and actualize a new district. Abbot Sevvoor S. Ramachandran abreast that measures will be taken to actualize Arani commune by amalgamation Aarani, Cheyyar, Polur, Vembakkam, Vandavasi and Chetpet, Jamunamarathoor taluks.[73]
The Federation of Arctic Chennai People's Welfare associations apprenticed to bifurcate Chennai and advertise Arctic Chennai as a abstracted district.[74]
Measures are additionally taken to anatomy Edappadi as a abstracted commune which will be carved out of Salem district.[75]
Politics
Pre-Independence
Prior to Indian independence, Tamil Nadu was beneath British colonial aphorism as allotment of the Madras Presidency. The basic affair in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian Civic Congress (INC). Bounded parties accept bedeviled accompaniment backroom back 1916. One of the age-old bounded parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a advertiser to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The affair was alleged afterwards its English organ, Justice Party, by its opponents. Later, South Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name. The acumen for the achievement of the Justice Affair in elections was the non-participation of the INC, ambitious complete ability of India.
The Justice Affair which was beneath E. V. Ramasamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. It was a non-political affair which accepted the enactment of an absolute accompaniment alleged Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences amid its two leaders E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai, the affair was split.
Post-Independence
C. N. Annadurai larboard the affair Dravida Kazhagam to anatomy the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK absitively to access backroom in 1956. Afterwards the annihilation of C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi became the baton of the affair which was accurate by majority leaders including afresh acclaimed amateur M. G. Ramachandran. As a breakaway band of the DMK. In 1972, M. G. Ramachandran founded the new Dravidian affair All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) alleged afterwards his political coach C. N. Annadurai bargain alleged "Anna".
Demographics
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1951 30,119,000 —
1961 33,687,000 +11.8%
1971 41,199,000 +22.3%
1981 48,408,000 +17.5%
1991 55,859,000 +15.4%
2001 62,406,000 +11.7%
2011 72,138,958 +15.6%
Source:Census of India[78]
Main article: Demographics of Tamil Nadu
See also: List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Animal Development Index
Tamil Nadu is the seventh best crawling accompaniment in India. 48.4 per cent of the state's citizenry lives in burghal areas, the third-highest allotment amid ample states in India. The accompaniment has registered the everyman abundance amount in India in the year 2005–06 with 1.7 accouchement built-in for anniversary woman, lower than appropriate for citizenry sustainability.[79][80]
At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a citizenry of 72,147,030.[81] The sex arrangement of the accompaniment is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a absolute of 23,166,721 households.[81] The absolute accouchement beneath the age of 6 is 7,423,832. A absolute of 14,438,445 bodies basal 20.01 per cent of the absolute citizenry belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 794,697 bodies basal 1.10 per cent of the citizenry belonged to Scheduled tribes (ST).[82][81]
The accompaniment has 51,837,507 literates, authoritative the articulacy amount 80.33 per cent. There are a absolute of 27,878,282 workers, absolute 4,738,819 cultivators, 6,062,786 agronomical labourers, 1,261,059 in abode authority industries, 11,695,119 added workers, 4,120,499 bordering workers, 377,220 bordering cultivators, 2,574,844 bordering agronomical labourers, 238,702 bordering workers in domiciliary industries and 929,733 added bordering workers.[83]
India has a animal development basis affected as 0.619, while the agnate amount for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, agreement it amid the top states in the country.[84][85] The action assumption at bearing for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years.[86] However, it has a aerial akin of poverty, abnormally in rural areas. In 2004–2005, the abjection band was set at ₹351.86/month for rural areas and ₹547.42/month for burghal areas. Abjection in the accompaniment alone from 51.7 per cent in 1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001[87] For the aeon 2004–2005, the Trend in Incidence of Abjection in the accompaniment was 22.5 per cent compared with the civic amount of 27.5 per cent. The Apple Bank is currently acceptable the accompaniment in abbreviation poverty, aerial drop-out and low achievement of accessory schools abide to arrest the affection of training in the population. Added problems accommodate class, gender, inter-district, and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP – Consumption for the aeon 2004–2005, the allotment of the state's citizenry beneath the abjection band was 27.5 per cent. The Oxford Abjection and Animal Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to accept a Multidimensional Abjection Basis of 0.141, which is in the akin of Ghana amid the developing countries.[88] Corruption is a aloft botheration in the accompaniment with Transparency All-embracing baronial it the added best abject amid the states of India.[89]
Religion
Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)[90]
Hinduism (87.58%)
Christianity (6.12%)
Islam (5.86%)
Jainism (0.12%)
Sikhism (0.02%)
Buddhism (0.01%)
Added or not religious (0.3%)
Main article: Adoration in Tamil Nadu
As per the religious demography of 2011, Tamil Nadu had 87.58% Hindus, 6.12% Christians, 5.86% Muslims, 0.12% Jains and 0.3% afterward added religions or no religion.[91]
Gautama Buddha at a Buddhist temple in Chennai.
Language
Main article: Tamil language
Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu[4]
Tamil (89.41%)
Telugu (5.65%)
Kannada (1.67%)
Urdu (1.51%)
Added (1.76%)
Tamil is the sole official accent of Tamil Nadu while English is declared an added official accent for advice purposes.[4] Back India adopted civic standards Tamil was the aboriginal accent to be recognised as a classical accent of India.[92] As of 2001 demography Tamil is announced as the aboriginal accent by about 90 per cent of the state's citizenry followed by Telugu (5.65%), Kannada (1.67%), Urdu (1.51%), Malayalam (0.89%).[4]
Education
Children in an elementary academy in Mayiladuthurai
Main article: Apprenticeship in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the best community states in India.[93] Tamil Nadu has performed analytic able-bodied in agreement of articulacy advance during the decade 2001–2011. A assay conducted by the industry anatomy Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top amid Indian states with about 100 per cent gross enrolment arrangement (GER) in primary and aerial primary education. One of the basal limitations for advance in apprenticeship in the accompaniment is the amount of absence of agents in accessible schools, which at 21.4 per cent is significant.[94] The assay of primary academy apprenticeship in the accompaniment by Pratham shows a low declivity amount but the poor affection of accompaniment apprenticeship compared to added states.[95] Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges[96] 449 polytechnic colleges[97] and 566 arts and science colleges, 34,335 elementary schools, 5,167 aerial schools, 5,054 academy accessory schools and 5,000 hospitals. Some of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Anna University, Civic Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Academy of Engineering, Guindy, Madras Institute of Technology, PSG Academy of Technology, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Government Academy of Technology, Coimbatore, Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Tamil Nadu Civic Law University, Government Law College, Coimbatore, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Madras Medical College, Stanley Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, University of Madras, Vellore Institute of Technology, Kumaraguru Academy of Technology, Coimbatore Medical Academy and Institute of Alley and Carriage Technology.
Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent catch in educational institutions for socially astern sections of society, the accomplished amid all Indian states.[98] The Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was aboriginal accomplished by Kamaraj, afresh it was broadcast by M G Ramachandran in 1983.
Culture
Main articles: Tamil people, Temples of Tamil Nadu, and Tamil literature
A Accompaniment banderole for Tamil Nadu was unilaterally proposed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1970.[99]
Seventh aeon paintings in the Sittanavasal Cave, Pudukottai
Tamil Nadu is accepted for its affluent attitude of literature, art, music and ball which abide to curl today. Tamil Nadu is a acreage best accepted for its awe-inspiring age-old Hindu temples and classical anatomy of ball Bharata Natyam.[100] Different cultural appearance like Bharatanatyam[101] (dance), Tanjore painting,[102] and Tamil architectonics were developed and abide to be practised in Tamil Nadu.[103]
Literature
Tamil accounting abstract has existed for over 2,000 years.[104] The age-old aeon of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is about anachronous from ca. 300 BCE – 300 CE.[105][106] It is one of the oldest Indian abstract amidst all others.[107] The age-old epigraphic annal begin on bedrock edicts and hero stones date from about the 3rd aeon BCE.[108][109]
Most aboriginal Tamil arcane works are in ballad form, with book not acceptable added accepted until afterwards periods. The Sangam abstract accumulating contains 2381 balladry composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom abide anonymous.[110] Sangam abstract is primarily secular, ambidextrous with accustomed accommodation in a Tamilakam context.[111] The Sangam abstract additionally deals with animal relations and emotions.[112] The accessible abstract from this aeon was categorised and aggregate in the 10th aeon into two categories based about on chronology. The categories are: Pathinenmaelkanakku (The Aloft Eighteen Anthology Series) absolute Eṭṭuttokai (The Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Pathinenkilkanakku (The Accessory Eighteen Anthology Series).
Much of Tamil grammar is abundantly declared in the oldest accepted grammar book for the Tamil language, the Tolkāppiyam.Modern Tamil is abundantly based on the 13th-century grammar book Naṉṉūl which restated and antiseptic the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Acceptable Tamil grammar consists of bristles parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the aftermost two are mostly activated in poetry.[113] Notable archetype of Tamil balladry accommodate the Tirukkural accounting by Tiruvalluvar.
In 1578, the Portuguese appear a Tamil book in old Tamil calligraphy alleged 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', appropriately authoritative Tamil the aboriginal Indian accent to be printed and published.[114] Tamil Lexicon, appear by the University of Madras, is the aboriginal amid the dictionaries appear in any Indian language.[115] During the Indian Ability Movement, abounding Tamil poets and writers approved to abet civic spirit, amusing disinterestedness and secularist thoughts amid the accepted man, conspicuously Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan.
Festivals and traditions
Jallikattu - A acceptable action conducted as a allotment of Pongal celebrations.
Man Riding an Albatross in a Pongal Anniversary Parade in Namakkal
Pongal, additionally alleged Tamizhar Thirunaal (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti abroad in India, a four-day autumn anniversary is one of the best broadly acclaimed festivals throughout Tamil Nadu.[116] The Tamil accent adage Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum – actually meaning, the bearing of the ages of Thai will pave way for new opportunities – is generally quoted with advertence to this festival. The aboriginal day, Bhogi Pongal is acclaimed by throwing abroad and antibacterial old clothes and abstracts by ambience them on blaze to mark the end of the old and actualization of the new. The added day, Surya Pongal is the basic day which avalanche on the aboriginal day of the tenth Tamil ages of Thai (14 January or 15 January in the western calendar). On the third day, Maattu Pongal is meant to action acknowledgment to the cattle, as they accommodate milk and are acclimated to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a bull-taming contest, marks the basic blow of this day. Alanganallur is acclaimed for its Jallikattu[117][118] challenge usually captivated on the third day of Pongal. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal – the chat kaanum, agency 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the Madras Aerial Cloister Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages acceptable during the Pongal anniversary while administration of a address filed attempting to ban the cockfight.[119] The aboriginal ages in the Tamil agenda is Chittirai and the aboriginal day of this ages in mid-April is acclaimed as Tamil New Year. The Thiruvalluvar agenda is 31 years advanced of the Gregorian calendar, i.e. Gregorian 2000 is Thiruvalluvar 2031. Aadi Perukku is acclaimed on the 18th day of the Tamil ages Aadi, which celebrates the ascent of the baptize akin in the river Kaveri. Afar from the aloft festivals, in every apple and boondocks of Tamil Nadu, the citizenry bless festivals for the bounded gods already a year and the time varies from abode to place. Best of these festivals are accompanying to the goddess Maariyamman, the mother goddess of the rain. Added aloft Hindu festivals including Deepavali (Death of Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Krishna Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are additionally celebrated. Eid ul-Fitr, Bakrid, Milad un Nabi, Muharram are acclaimed by Muslims admitting Christmas, Good Friday, Easter are acclaimed by Christians in the state. Mahamagam a bathing anniversary at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is acclaimed already in 12 years. Bodies from all the corners of the country appear to Kumbakonam for the festival. This anniversary is additionally alleged Kumbamela of South.[120][121]
Music
See also: Age-old Tamil music and Carnatic music
M. S. Subbulakshmi, was the aboriginal artist to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's accomplished noncombatant honor
In agreement of avant-garde cine-music, Ilaiyaraaja was a arresting artisan of blur music in Tamil cinema during the astern 1970s and 1980s. His assignment accent Tamil folk lyricism and alien broader Western agreeable sensibilities to the south Indian agreeable mainstream. Tamil Nadu is additionally the home of the bifold Oscar champ A. R. Rahman[122][123][124] who has composed blur music in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, English and Chinese films. He was already referred to by Time annual as "The Mozart of Madras".
Film industry
Main article: Tamil cinema
M. G. Ramachandran, was the aboriginal amateur angry arch abbot in India. He has been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's accomplished noncombatant honor
Tamil Nadu is additionally home to the Tamil blur industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which appear the best cardinal of films in India in 2013.[125] The appellation Kollywood is a alloy of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[126] Tamil cinema is one of the bigger industries of blur assembly in India.[127] In Tamil Nadu, cinema admission prices are adapted by the government. Distinct awning theatres may allegation a best of ₹50, while theaters with added than three screens may allegation a best of ₹120 per ticket.[128] The aboriginal bashful blur in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was fabricated in 1916.[129] The aboriginal cinema was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which appear on 31 October 1931, about seven months afterwards India's aboriginal talking account Alam Ara.[130] Swamikannu Vincent, who had congenital the aboriginal cinema of South India in Coimbatore, alien the abstraction of "Tent Cinema" in which a accoutrement was erected on a amplitude of accessible acreage abutting to a boondocks or apple to awning the films. The aboriginal of its affectionate was accustomed in Madras, alleged "Edison's Admirable Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the actuality that electric carbons were acclimated for motion account projectors.[131]
Television industry
There are added than 30 television channels of assorted genres in Tamil. DD Podhigai, Doordarshan's Tamil accent bounded approach was launched on 14 April 1993.[132] The aboriginal clandestine Tamil channel, Sun TV was founded in 1993 by Kalanidhi Maran. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is afflicted by backroom and majority of the channels are endemic by politicians or bodies with political links.[133] The government of Tamil Nadu broadcast chargeless televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated amount ₹3.6 billion (US$50 million) of which has led to aerial assimilation of TV services.[134][135] Cable acclimated to be the adopted approach of all-encompassing homes controlled by government run abettor Arasu Cable.[136] From the aboriginal 2010s, Absolute to Home has become added accepted replacing cable television services.[137] Tamil television serials anatomy a aloft prime time antecedent of ball and are directed usually by one administrator clashing American television series, breadth generally several admiral and writers assignment together.[138]
Cuisine
Main article: Tamil cuisine
Thoothukudi is the abode of agent of the Thoothukudi macaroon, Tirunelveli is accepted for its aureate Halva, Salem is acclaimed for its different mangoes, Madurai is the abode of agent of the milk ambrosia Jigarthanda while Palani is accepted for its Panchamirtham.[139] Idlis, dosas, and sambar are absolutely accepted throughout the state. Coffee and tea are the basic drinks.[140]
Economy
Main articles: Abridgement of Tamil Nadu, List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu, and List of rivers of Tamil Nadu
For the year 2014–15 Tamil Nadu's GSDP was ₹9.767 abundance (US$140 billion), and advance was 14.86.[141] It ranks third in adopted absolute advance (FDI) approvals (cumulative 1991–2002) of ₹225.826 billion ($5,000 million), abutting alone to Maharashtra and Delhi basal 9.12 per cent of the absolute FDI in the country.[142] The per capita assets in 2007–2008 for the accompaniment was ₹72,993 baronial third amid states with a citizenry over 10 actor and has steadily been aloft the civic average.[143]
According to the 2011 Census, Tamil Nadu is the best urbanised accompaniment in India (49 per cent), accounting for 9.6 per cent of the burghal citizenry while alone absolute 6 per cent of India's absolute population.[145][146] Casework contributes to 45 per cent of the bread-and-butter action in the state, followed by accomplishment at 34 per cent and agronomics at 21 per cent. The government is the aloft broker in the accompaniment with 51 per cent of absolute investments, followed by clandestine Indian investors at 29.9 per cent and adopted clandestine investors at 14.9 per cent. Tamil Nadu has a arrangement of about 113 automated parks and estates alms developed plots with acknowledging infrastructure. According to the publications of the Tamil Nadu government, the Gross Accompaniment Calm Achievement at Constant Prices (The abject year 2004–2005) for the year 2011–2012 is ₹4.281 abundance (US$60 billion), an access of 9.39 per cent over the antecedent year. The per capita assets at the accepted amount is ₹72,993.
Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state; Two government-sector banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank in Chennai, and four private-sector banks Burghal Abutment Bank in Kumbakonam, Karur Vysya Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank in Karur, and Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited in Tuticorin.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agronomical accompaniment and is a arch ambassador of agronomical articles in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth bigger ambassador of rice. The absolute able breadth in the accompaniment was 5.60 actor hectares in 2009–10.[147] The Cauvery basin arena is accepted as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.[148][better antecedent needed] In agreement of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables, in India.[149] Anniversary aliment grains assembly in the year 2007–08 was 10035,000 mt.[147]
The accompaniment is the bigger ambassador of bananas, turmeric, flowers,[149] tapioca,[149] the added bigger ambassador of mango,[149] accustomed rubber,[150] coconut, groundnut and the third bigger ambassador of coffee, sapota,[149] Tea[151] and sugarcane. Tamil Nadu's sugarcane crop per hectare is the accomplished in India. The accompaniment has 17,000 hectares of acreage beneath oil approach cultivation, the added accomplished in India.[152]
Agriculture forms a aloft allocation of the state's economy.
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, accepted as the "father of the Indian Green Revolution" was from Tamil Nadu.[153] Tamil Nadu Agronomical University with its seven colleges and thirty-two analysis stations advance over the absolute accompaniment contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through assorted addendum agencies. Amid states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry, and fisheries production. Tamil Nadu had the added bigger cardinal of banty amidst all the states and accounted for 17.7 per cent of the absolute banty citizenry in India.[154] In 2003–2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 3783.6 actor of eggs, which was the second-highest in India apery 9.37 per cent of the absolute egg assembly in the country.[155] With the second-longest bank in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27.54 per cent of the absolute amount of angle and fishery articles exported by India in 2006. Namakkal is additionally one of the aloft centres of egg assembly in India. Oddanchatram is one of the aloft centres for vegetable accumulation in Tamil Nadu and is additionally accepted as the vegetable burghal of Tamil Nadu.Coimbatore is one of the aloft centres for banty production.[156][157]
Textiles and leather
Kanchipuram duke approach cottony sarees
Tamil Nadu is one of the arch states in the bolt breadth and it houses the country's bigger spinning industry accounting for about 80 per cent of the absolute installed accommodation in India. Back it comes to yarn production, the Accompaniment contributes 40 per cent of the absolute assembly in the country. There are 2,614 Duke Processing Units (25 per cent of absolute units in the country) and 985 Ability Processing Units (40 per cent of absolute units in the country) in Tamil Nadu. According to official data, the bolt industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the absolute invested basal in all the industries.[158] Coimbatore is generally referred to as the "Manchester of South India" due to its affection assembly and bolt industries.[159] Tirupur is the country's bigger exporter of knitwear.[160][161][162] for its affection production.
Tamil Nadu accounts for 60 per cent of accoutrement tanning accommodation in India[163] and 38 per cent of all accoutrement footwear, apparel and components. The accompaniment additionally accounts for 50 per cent of accoutrement exports[164][165] from India, admired at about US$3.3 billion of the absolute US$6.5 billion from India. Hundreds of accoutrement and tannery accessories are amid about Vellore and its adjacent towns.
Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has apparent aloft investments in the auto industry over abounding decades accomplishment cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, auto additional genitalia and accessories, tyres and abundant vehicles. Chennai is accepted as the Detroit of India.[166] Aloft all-around auto companies including BMW, Ford, Robert Bosch, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors, and Michelin as able-bodied as Indian auto majors like Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Isuzu Motors, TI cycles, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Aristocratic Enfield, MRF, Apollo Tyres, TAFE Tractors, Daimler AG Aggregation invested ₹4 billion for establishing a new bulb in Tamil Nadu.[167]
Heavy industries and engineering
Tamil Nadu is one of the awful industrialised states in India. Over 11% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates accept accumulated offices in Tamil Nadu.[168][citation needed]
The accompaniment government owns Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers,[169] in Karur.
Coimbatore is additionally referred to as "the Pump City" as it food two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps. The burghal is one of the bigger exporters of wet grinders and auto apparatus and the appellation "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been accustomed a Geographical indication.[170]
Electronics and software
TIDEL Esplanade Coimbatore; Coimbatore is one of the arch IT/ITS centres in India.
Electronics accomplishment is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with abounding all-embracing companies like Nokia, Flex, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson, Foxconn, Samsung, Cisco, Moser Baer, Lenovo, Dell, Sanmina-SCI, Bosch, Texas Instruments accepting called Chennai as their South Asian accomplishment hub. Articles bogus accommodate ambit boards and cellular buzz handsets.[171]
Tamil Nadu is the added bigger software exporter by amount in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from ₹76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to ₹207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to NASSCOM[172] and to ₹366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent advance in software exports according to STPI. Aloft civic and all-around IT companies such as Atos Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, Amazon.com, Capgemini, CGI, PayPal, IBM, NTT DATA, Accenture, Ramco Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, DXC Technology, Cognizant, Tech Mahindra, Virtusa, LTI, Mphasis, Mindtree, Zoho, and abounding others accept offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu accept been a aloft recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the animal assets appropriate for the IT and ITES industry was actuality sourced from the state.[173] Coimbatore is the added bigger software ambassador in the state, abutting to Chennai.[174]
With SaaS Companies like Zoho Corporation, Freshworks, KiSSFLOW, Chargebee, GoFrugal and MadStreetDen founded, in & about Chennai, demography advantage of confined a ample aggregate of baby and mid-sized industries in Tamil Nadu, generally alone by bigger SaaS corporation, While accompanying confined European/North American Markets as well, Chennai has emerged as the "SaaS Basal of India"[175][176][177][178]. The SaaS breadth in/around Chennai generates US$1 billion in acquirement and employs about 10000 personnel[179].
Infrastructure
Transport
Road
A appearance of the NH 544 Expressway amid Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu
Main articles: Carriage in Tamil Nadu and Alley arrangement in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has a busline arrangement that connects all genitalia of the state. Tamil Nadu is served by an all-encompassing alley network, accouterment links amid burghal centres, agronomical market-places and rural areas. There are 29 civic highways in the state, accoutrement a absolute ambit of 5,006.14 km (3,110.67 mi).[180][181] The accompaniment is additionally a abuttals for the Golden Quadrilateral project, that connects Indian metropolises like (New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata). The accompaniment has a absolute alley breadth of 167,000 km (104,000 mi), of which 60,628 km (37,672 mi) are maintained by the Highways Department. This is about 2.5 times academy than the anatomy of all-India alley network.[182] The aloft alley junctions are Chennai, Vellore, Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Salem, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Karur, Kumbakonam, Krishnagiri, Dindigul and Kanniyakumari. Alley carriage is provided by accompaniment endemic Tamil Nadu Accompaniment Carriage Association and Accompaniment Express Carriage Corporation. About every allotment of the accompaniment is able-bodied affiliated by buses 24 hours a day. The accompaniment accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country with 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all alley blow deaths and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to abstracts provided by the Ministry of Alley Carriage and Highways. Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the accomplished cardinal of alley accidents in India, it additionally leads in accepting bargain the cardinal of fatalities in accident-prone areas with deployment of cadre and a abiding acquaintance campaign. The cardinal of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013.[183]
Rail
Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Axial Railway Station, one of India's aloft railway stations
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
Chennai All-embracing Airport, one of India's aloft all-embracing airports
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed abuse arrangement as allotment of Southern Railway. Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway arrangement extends over a ample breadth of India's southern peninsula, accoutrement the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, a baby allocation of Karnataka and a baby allocation of Andhra Pradesh. Express trains affix the accompaniment basal Chennai with Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Axial Railway Base is the aperture for trains appear the arctic admitting Chennai Egmore serves as the aperture for the south. Tamil Nadu has a absolute railway clue breadth of 5,952 km (3,698 mi) and there are 532 railway stations in the state. The arrangement connects the accompaniment with best aloft cities in India. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (part of the Mountain Railways of India) is one of the UNESCO Apple Ancestry Armpit abutting Ooty on the hills and Mettupalayam in the foothills which is in about-face affiliated to Coimbatore. The centenary old Pamban Arch over sea abutting Rameswaram in Pamban island to the acreage is an engineering marvel. It is one of the oldest axle bridges still in operation, the double-leaf bascule arch area can be aloft to let boats and baby ships canyon through the Palk Strait in the Indian Ocean. The government of Tamil Nadu created a Appropriate Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for implementing the Chennai Busline Abuse Project. This SPV alleged as “Chennai Busline Abuse Limited” was congenital on 3 December 2007 beneath the Companies Act. It has now been adapted into a collective adventure of the governments of India and of Tamil Nadu with according disinterestedness holding. Chennai has a absolute burghal railway arrangement and is amalgam a Chennai Busline with phase1 operational back July 2015. Aloft railway junctions (four and aloft lines) in the accompaniment are Chennai, Coimbatore, Katpadi, Madurai, Salem, Erode, Dindigul, Karur, Nagercoil, Tiruchirapalli, and Tirunelveli. Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Axial Railway Station, Madurai Junction, Katpadi Junction, Chennai Egmore, Salem Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Coimbatore Junction are upgraded to A1 brand level. Loco sheds are amid at Erode, Arakkonam, Royapuram in Chennai and Tondaiyarpet in Chennai, Ponmalai (GOC) in Tiruchirappalli as Agent Loco Shed. The loco afford at Erode is a huge blended electric and agent Loco shed. MRTS which covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery, and busline balustrade additionally active from Washermenpet to Airport busline base and Axial busline base to St.Thomas Mount busline station.
Airports
Main article: List of airports in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has four all-embracing airports, namely Chennai All-embracing Airport, Coimbatore All-embracing Airport, Tiruchirapalli All-embracing Airport and Madurai All-embracing Airport. It has the bigger cardinal of All-embracing Airports forth with Kerala. Salem Airport, Thoothukudi Airport and Vellore Airport are the calm airports. Chennai All-embracing Airport is a aloft all-embracing airport and aerodynamics hub in South Asia. Besides noncombatant airports, the accompaniment has four air bases of the Indian Air Force namely Thanjavur AFS, Tambram AFS, Coimbatore AFS and two argosy air stations INS Rajali and INS Parundu of Indian Navy. Neyveli Airport is actuality adapted back 2019[184] to alpha the account from mid 2020.[citation needed]
Seaports
V. O. Chidambaranar Anchorage Trust in Thoothukudi, one of India's aloft seaports
Tamil Nadu has three aloft seaports amid at Chennai, Ennore and Thoothukudi, as able-bodied as seven added accessory ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.[147] Chennai Anchorage is an bogus harbour anchored on the Coromandel Bank and is the added arch anchorage in the country for administration containers. Ennore Anchorage handles all the atramentous and ore cartage in Tamil Nadu. The aggregate of burden in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.[185]
Spaceport
In Tamil Nadu, the Government of India is to set up a new Rocket barrage pad abreast Kulasekharapatnam in Thoothukudi commune for which the Indian Space Analysis Organisation (ISRO) has amorphous work. The area was called because of its approximation to the equator like the Sriharikota spaceport in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[186]
Communication
Tamil Nadu has four adaptable account providers including BSNL,[187] Airtel,[188] JIO[189] and Vodafone Idea.[190] BSNL provides 2G & 3G adaptable internet access and all added three operators accommodate 2G, 3G & 4G Adaptable broadband access beyond Tamil Nadu. Airtel Broadband,[191] Act Broadband[192] BSNL, Hathway[193] and few others are accouterment aerial acceleration Fiber Optic broadband affiliation in abounding cities & rural areas beyond Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu government is planning to lay 55,000 km of optical fibre cable beyond the Accompaniment and accommodate accelerated internet up to 1Gbit/s and affix all the Corporations, Municipalities, Boondocks Panchayats and apple panchayats. This basement would additionally account all the government departments, entrepreneurs and alone homes.[194]
Energy
Wind acreage in Muppandal and Aralvaimozhi arena abreast Nagercoil
Kamuthi Solar Ability Project
Tamil Nadu has the third bigger installed ability bearing accommodation in the country. The Kalpakkam Nuclear Ability Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Ability Plant, abounding hydroelectric plants including Mettur Dam, hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Accustomed Gas Plants are aloft sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. The accompaniment generates a cogent admeasurement of its ability needs from renewable sources with wind ability installed accommodation at over 7154 MW,[195] accounting for 38 per cent of absolute installed wind ability in India .[196] It is anon abacus the Koodankulam Nuclear Ability Bulb to its activity grid, which on achievement would be the bigger diminutive ability bulb in the country with 2000MW installed capacity.[197] The absolute installed accommodation of electricity in the accompaniment by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.[198] Tamil Nadu ranks aboriginal civic in diesel-based thermal electricity bearing with a civic bazaar allotment of over 34 per cent.[199] From a ability surplus accompaniment in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a accompaniment adverse astringent ability curtailment over the contempo years due to abridgement of new ability bearing projects and adjournment in bartering ability bearing at Kudankulam Diminutive Ability Project. The Tuticorin Thermal Ability Base has bristles 210 megawatt generators. The aboriginal architect was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal ability plants beneath architecture accommodate the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Ability Plant. From the accepted 17MW installed solar power, Tamil Nadu accompaniment government's new action aims to access the installed accommodation to 3000MW by 2016.[200] Kamuthi Solar Ability Activity was commissioned by Adani Ability in Kamuthi, Ramanathapuram district.[201] With a breeding accommodation of 648 MWp at a distinct location, it is the world's sixth bigger (as of 2018) solar park.[202][203]
Sports
Kabbadi, additionally accepted as Sadugudu, is recognised as the accompaniment bold in Tamil Nadu.[204] The acceptable sports of Tamil Nadu accommodate Silambam,[205] a Tamil aggressive arts played with a continued bamboo staff, cockfight, Jallikattu,[206] a balderdash taming action acclaimed on anniversary occasions, ox-wagon antagonism accepted as Rekkala,[207][205] aeroplane aerial additionally accepted as Pattam viduthal,[206] Goli, the bold with marbles,[206] Aadu Puli, the "goat and tiger" game[206] and Kabaddi additionally accepted as Sadugudu.[206] Best of these acceptable sports are associated with festivals of acreage like Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas.[206] S. Ilavazhagi carrom apple best from 2002–2016
The M. A. Chidambaram Amphitheater in Chennai is an all-embracing candid arena with a accommodation of 50,000 and houses the Tamil Nadu Candid Association.[208] Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan,[209] Krishnamachari Srikkanth,[210] Laxman Sivaramakrishnan, Sadagoppan Ramesh, Laxmipathy Balaji,[211] Murali Vijay,[212] Ravichandran Ashwin[213] , Vijay Shankar, Murali Karthik, Washington Sundar, Subramaniam Badrinath, Abhinav Mukund and Dinesh Karthik are some arresting cricketers from Tamil Nadu. The MRF Clip Foundation in Chennai is a accepted fast bowling academy for clip bowlers all over the world. Candid contests amid bounded clubs, franchises and teams are accepted in the state. Chennai Super Kings represent the burghal of Chennai in the Indian Premier League, a accepted Twenty20 league. The Super Kings are the best acknowledged aggregation in the alliance with three IPL titles at par with Mumbai Indians and two CLT20 titles.
Tennis is additionally a accepted action in Tamil Nadu with notable all-embracing players including Ramesh Krishnan,[214] Ramanathan Krishnan,[214] Vijay Amritraj[215] and Mahesh Bhupathi. Nirupama Vaidyanathan, the aboriginal Indian women to comedy in a admirable bang clash additionally hails from the state. The ATP Chennai Accessible clash is captivated in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) owns Nungambakkam tennis amphitheater which hosts Chennai Accessible and Davis Cup play-off tournaments.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the administering anatomy of hockey in the state. Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian aggregation that won the gold badge in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Amphitheater in Chennai hosts all-embracing hockey contest and is admired by the All-embracing Hockey Federation as one of the best in the apple for its infrastructure.[216]
Tamil Nadu additionally has golf arena in Coimbatore, The Coimbatore Golf Club is an 18-hole golf advance amid in Chettipalayam in Coimbatore, amid aural the burghal banned in the accompaniment of Tamil Nadu in India. The club is additionally a accepted area for aloft golf tournaments captivated in India.
The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), a government body, is vested with the albatross of developing sports and accompanying basement in the state.[217] The SDAT owns and operates world-class stadiums and organises antic events.[218] It additionally accommodates antic events, both at the calm and all-embracing level, organised by added sports associations at its venues. The YMCA Academy of Concrete Apprenticeship at Nandanam in Chennai was accustomed in 1920 and was the aboriginal academy for concrete apprenticeship in Asia. The Jawaharlal Nehru Amphitheater in Chennai is a multi-purpose amphitheater hosting football and clue and acreage events. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted India's first-ever All-embracing Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008. The SDAT – TNSRA Annihilate Academy in Chennai is one of the actual few academics in South Asia hosting all-embracing annihilate events. Jawaharlal Nehru Amphitheater in Coimbatore is a multi-purpose amphitheater in Coimbatore complete in 1971 which is acclimated to host I-League football matches.[219]
