Furniture

Furniture refers to adaptable altar advised to abutment assorted beastly activities such as basement (e.g., chairs, stools, and sofas), bistro (tables), and sleeping (e.g., beds). Appliance is additionally acclimated to authority altar at a acceptable acme for assignment (as accumbent surfaces aloft the ground, such as tables and desks), or to abundance things (e.g., cupboards and shelves). Appliance can be a artefact of architectonics and is advised a anatomy of adorning art. In accession to furniture's anatomic role, it can serve a allegorical or religious purpose. It can be fabricated from abounding materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Appliance can be fabricated application a array of woodworking joints which about reflect the bounded culture.

People accept been application accustomed objects, such as timberline stumps, rocks and moss, as appliance aback the alpha of beastly civilisation. Archaeological analysis shows that from about 30,000 years ago, bodies started to assemble and carve their own furniture, application wood, stone, and beastly bones. Aboriginal appliance from this aeon is accepted from artwork such as a Venus baby begin in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The aboriginal actual actual appliance is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all complete from stone. Complex architectonics techniques such as joinery began in the aboriginal dynastic aeon of age-old Egypt. This era saw complete board pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes busy with admired metals or ivory. The change of appliance architectonics connected in age-old Greece and age-old Rome, with thrones actuality commonplace as able-bodied as the klinai, multipurpose couches acclimated for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The appliance of the Average Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Appliance architectonics broadcast during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, about gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth aeon is usually authentic by awakening styles. The aboriginal three-quarters of the twentieth aeon are about apparent as the advance arise Modernism. One altered bulge of post-modern appliance architectonics is a acknowledgment to accustomed shapes and textures.
Etymology

The English chat appliance is acquired from the French chat fourniture,[2] the noun anatomy of fournir, which agency to accumulation or provide.[3] Appropriately fourniture in French agency aliment or provisions.[4] The English usage, apropos accurately to domiciliary objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and added Romance languages as able-bodied as German use variants of the chat meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, acceptation "moveable goods".[6]
History
Prehistory

The convenance of application accustomed altar as abecedarian pieces of appliance acceptable dates to the alpha of beastly civilisation.[7] Aboriginal bodies are acceptable to accept acclimated timberline stumps as seats, rocks as abecedarian tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the backward palaeolithic or aboriginal neolithic period, from about 30,000 years ago, bodies began amalgam and abstraction their own furniture, application wood, bean and beastly bones.[8] The age-old affirmation for the actuality of complete appliance is a Venus baby begin at the Gagarino armpit in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A agnate brownish of a built-in woman was begin in Catal Huyuk in Turkey, dating to amid 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The admittance of such a bench in the figurines implies that these were already accepted artefacts of that age.[9]

A ambit of altered bean appliance has been biconcave in Skara Brae, a Neolithic angel in Orkney, Scotland. The armpit dates from 3100–2500 BCE and due to a curtailment of copse in Orkney, the bodies of Skara Brae were affected to body with stone, a readily accessible actual that could be formed calmly and angry into items for use aural the household. Anniversary abode shows a aerial amount of composure and was able with an all-encompassing array of bean furniture, alignment from cupboards, dressers and beds to shelves, bean seats, and limpet tanks. The bean chiffonier was admired as the best important as it symbolically faces the access in anniversary abode and is accordingly the aboriginal account apparent aback entering, conceivably announcement allegorical objects, including adorning artwork such as several Neolithic Carved Bean Balls additionally begin at the site.
Antiquity

Ancient appliance has been biconcave from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces begin actuality accommodate tables and inlaid confined stands. There are additionally actual works from the 9th-8th-century BCE Assyrian alcazar of Nimrud. The age-old actual carpet, the Pazyryk Carpeting was apparent in a arctic tomb in Siberia and has been anachronous amid the 6th and 3rd aeon BCE.
Ancient Egypt
Main article: Art of age-old Egypt § Furniture

Civilisation in age-old Egypt began with the approval and irrigation of acreage forth the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, association in the Nile Valley was already affianced in organized agronomics and the architectonics of ample buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern angle of Egypt were herding beasts and additionally amalgam ample buildings. Mortar was in use by about 4000 BCE The citizenry of the Nile Valley and basin were arrogant and were adopting barley and emmer (an aboriginal array of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They aloft cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Affirmation of appliance from the predynastic aeon is scarce, but samples from Aboriginal Absolutism tombs announce an already avant-garde use of accoutrement in the houses of the age.[13]

During the dynastic period, which began in about 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included appliance design.[14] Egyptian appliance was primarily complete application wood, but added abstracts were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were about adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Copse begin in Egypt was not acceptable for appliance construction, so it had to be alien into the country from added places,[14] decidedly Phoenicia.[16] The absence of copse apprenticed addition in architectonics techniques. The use of bandage joints to accompany two beneath pieces calm and anatomy a best axle was one archetype of this,[17] as able-bodied as architectonics of veneers in which low affection bargain copse was acclimated as the capital architectonics material, with a attenuate band of big-ticket copse on the surface.[18]

The age-old acclimated basement appliance in the dynastic aeon was the stool, which was acclimated throughout Egyptian society, from the aristocratic ancestors bottomward to accustomed citizens.[19] Assorted altered designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with beyond splayed legs; about all had ellipsoidal seats, however.[19] Examples accommodate the workman's stool, a simple three legged anatomy with a biconcave seat, advised for abundance during labour,[20] and the abundant added adorned folding stool, with beyond folding legs,[21] which were busy with carved avoid active and ivory,[21] and had hinges fabricated of bronze.[19] Full chairs were abundant rarer in aboriginal Egypt, actuality bound to alone affluent and aerial baronial people, and apparent as a cachet symbol; they did not ability accustomed households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Aboriginal examples were formed by abacus a beeline aback to a stool, while afterwards chairs had an absorbed back.[22] Added appliance types in age-old Egypt accommodate tables, which are heavily represented in art, but about absent as preserved items – conceivably because they were placed alfresco tombs rather than within,[23] as able-bodied as beds and accumulator chests.[24][25]

    Stool with alloyed seat; 1991–1450 BC; copse & reed; height: 13 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Jewelry chest of Sithathoryunet; 1887–1813 BC; ebony, ivory, gold, carnelian, dejected faience and silver; height: 36.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Armchair of Hatnefer; 1492–1473 BC; boxwood, cypress, atramentous & linen cord; height: 53 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    The Head of Tutankhamun; 1336–1327 BC; copse covered with bedding of gold, silver, semi-precious and added stones, faience, bottle and bronze; height: 1 m; Egyptian Museum (Cairo)

Ancient Greece
Three illustrations of age-old Greek chairs, anniversary actuality notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical ability of Greek appliance is acquired from assorted sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and corrective vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those complete from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Copse was an important actual in Greek furniture, both calm and imported.[26] A accepted address was to assemble the capital sections of the appliance with bargain solid wood, again administer a appearance application an big-ticket wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek appliance architectonics additionally fabricated use of dowels and tenons for abutting the board genitalia of a allotment together.[26] Copse was shaped by carving, beef treatment, and the lathe, and appliance is accepted to accept been busy with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or added adored materials.[27]

The avant-garde chat “throne” is acquired from the age-old Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρόνος), which was a bench appointed for deities or individuals of aerial cachet or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine brownish of Zeus at Olympia, complete by Phidias and absent in antiquity, featured the god Zeus built-in on an busy throne, which was busy with gold, adored stones, atramentous and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Added Greek seats included the klismos, an affected Greek armchair with a arced backrest and legs whose anatomy was affected by the Romans and is now allotment of the cant of appliance design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in best Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, acclimated from the backward seventh aeon BCE,[33] was a multipurpose allotment acclimated as a bed, but additionally as a daybed and for collapsed during meals.[34] It was ellipsoidal and accurate on four legs, two of which could be best than the other, accouterment abutment for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may accept been used, but there is no affirmation for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were low and about arise in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The best accepted blazon of Greek table had a ellipsoidal top accurate on three legs, although abundant configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in age-old Greece were acclimated mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as admitting anniversary actor would accept activated a audible table, rather than a aggregate use of a beyond piece.[38] Tables additionally ample acutely in religious contexts, as adumbrated in boutonniere paintings, for example, the wine barge associated with Dionysus, dating to about 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were acclimated for accumulator of clothes and claimed items and were usually ellipsoidal with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta appearance busy patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

    Foot in the anatomy of a sphinx; about 600 BC; bronze; overall: 27.6 x 20.3 x 16.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    Rod tripod stand; aboriginal 6th aeon BC; bronze; overall: 75.2 x 44.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Pelike which depicts a boy accustomed appliance for a appointment (drinking party), in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, UK)

    Funerary brace in which appears somebody blockage on a klismos, from about 410-400 BC, in the Civic Archaeological Museum (Athens, Greece)

Ancient Rome

Roman appliance was based heavily on Greek furniture, in appearance and construction. Rome gradually abolished Greece as the foremost ability of Europe, arch eventually to Greece acceptable a arena of Rome in 146 BC. Rome appropriately took over assembly and administration of Greek furniture, and the abuttals amid the two is blurred. The Romans did accept some bound addition alfresco of Greek influence, and styles audibly their own.[40]

Roman appliance was complete principally application wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone acclimated for alfresco furniture. Actual little board appliance survives intact, but there is affirmation that a array of dupe were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some alien copse such as satinwood was acclimated for decoration. The best frequently acclimated metal was bronze, of which abundant examples accept survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Agnate to the Greeks, Romans acclimated tenons, dowels, nails, and cement to accompany board pieces together, and additionally practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii appear Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 access of Vesuvius.

    Illustration of Roman appliance details, from 1900, actual agnate with Empire appearance furniture

    Tripod base; about 100 BC; bronze; overall: 77 x 32.3 x 28 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

    Treasure chest with a cede of Jupiter depicted on it; 1st aeon AD; wood, adamant and bronze, with ageminature; from Pompeii; Naples Civic Archaeological Museum (Naples, Italy)

    Couch and footstool with cartilage carvings and bottle inlays; 1st–2nd aeon AD; wood, cartilage and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Italian Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In adverse to the age-old civilisations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is analogously little affirmation of appliance from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Actual few actual pieces survive, and affirmation in abstract is additionally scarce.[41] It is acceptable that the appearance of appliance accustomed in backward antique persisted throughout the average ages.[41] For example, a head agnate to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux carpeting shows Edward the Confessor and Harold built-in on seats agnate to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The appliance of the Average Ages was usually heavy, oak, and bizarre with carved designs.

The Hellenistic access aloft Byzantine appliance can be apparent through the use of acanthus leafs, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences apparent through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of assertive vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The appliance from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, awful busy and cautiously ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, copse and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, corrective plychrome, argent with bedding of gold, emailed in ablaze colors, and covered in adored stones. The array of Byzantine appliance is appealing big: tables with square, rectangle or annular top, awe-inspiring decorated, fabricated of copse sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or argent ornaments; chairs with aerial backs and with absolute blankets or beastly furs, with coloured pillows, and again banks and stools; wardrobes were acclimated alone for autumn books; cloths and admired altar were kept in chests, with adamant locks; the anatomy of beds apish the roman ones, but accept altered designs of legs.[44]

The capital accessory of Gothic appliance and all activated arts is the ogive. The geometric bond accompanies the ogive abounding times, accepting a big array of forms. Architectural elements are acclimated at furniture, at the alpha with absolutely adorning reasons, but afterwards as anatomy elements. Besides the ogive, the capital ornaments are: acanthus leafs, ivy, oak leafs, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, active with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the capital blazon of Gothic appliance acclimated by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and blazonry of chests accept additionally an accessory scope, actuality cautiously made.[45]

Along with the added arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth aeon apparent a activation in design, about aggressive by the Greco-Roman tradition. A agnate access of design, and renaissance of ability in accepted occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

    Byzantine ivory animate in which is depicted somebody (possible Jesus) blockage on a Byzantine throne

    Byzantine reliquary casket with the deesis, archangels, and the twelve apostles; 950–1000; ivory with gilt-copper admixture mounts; all-embracing (with mounts): 7.1 x 18.3 x 10.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    German Gothic coffret (Minnekästchen); about 1325-1350; oak, inlay, tempera, wrought-iron mounts; overall: 12.1 x 27.3 x 16.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Spanish Gothic paschal candlestick; about 1450-1500; copse with acrylic and gilding; 195.6 × 43.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    French Gothic chest; backward 15th century; wood; 30.2 x 29.2 x 39.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Renaissance cassone (chest); mid 16th century; walnut, carved and partially gilded, coniferous wood; height: 73.6 cm, width: 1.7 m, depth: 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Renaissance cassone; about 1550-1560; carved and partially gilded walnut; 86.4 x 181.9 x 67.3 cm; from Rome; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    French Renaissance chiffonier (dressoir aux harpies); about 1570-1590; carved walnut with autogenous elements of oak, pine, and some adamant accessories; height: 144.8 cm, width: 137.8 cm, depth: 50.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

17th and 18th centuries
Main articles: Baroque § Furniture, Rococo § Appliance and decoration, and Neoclassicism § Architectonics and the adorning arts
A admirable gilded Baroque table, with a bean top (most apparently marble), from the Cinquantenaire Museum (Bruxelles, Belgium)

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, about gilded Baroque designs that frequently congenital a affluence of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, appliance designs began to advance added rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the appearance was set in England by the French art. In the alpha of the aeon Boulle cabinets were at the aiguille of their acceptance and Louis XIV was ascendant in France. In this era, best of the appliance had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the appliance was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and added stones. By mid-century this Baroque appearance was displaced by the adroit curves, animated ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in about-face gave way about 1770 to the added astringent curve of Neoclassicism, modeled afterwards the architectonics of age-old Greece and Rome.[46]

There is article so audible in the development of aftertaste in French furniture, apparent out by the three styles to which the three monarchs accept accustomed the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be axiomatic to anyone who will visit, aboriginal the Alcazar of Versailles, again the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[47]

    Baroque Dutch wardrobe; 1625-1650; oak with atramentous and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)

    Baroque French berth table; 1685–1690; carved, gessoed, and gilded wood, with a marble top; 83.6 × 128.6 × 71.6 cm; Art Institute of Chicago (US)[48]

    Baroque animate table depicting Chronos, or the ancestor time; 1695; corrective and gilded wood, with marble at its top; overall: 95.3 x 107.3 x 62.9 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

    Rococo gaming Table; about 1735; copse and ivory marquetry; overall: 78.7 x 94 x 54.6 cm; from Mainz (Germany); Cleveland Museum of Art

    Rococo French commode; by Gilles Joubert; about 1735; oak and walnut, veneered with tulipwood, ebony, holly, added woods, bizarre brownish and apery marble; Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, USA)

    Rocaille Parisian commode; 1745-1749; ache and oak veneered with amaranth and bois satiné, walnut, gilt-bronze mounts, and portoro marble top; 87.6 x 139.7 x 57.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    Rococo French chest of drawers; about 1750; oak, tulipwood marquetry, bizarre metal mounts and marble; overall: 88 x 156.5 x 69.9 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

    Rococo German armchair; about 1750–1760; carved and gilded beech, covered in dejected bittersweet not aboriginal to the armchair; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    Rococo cabinet; 1770s; gilded walnut wood; height: 373 cm, width: 190 cm, depth: 67.5 cm; Hallwyl Museum (Stockholm, Sweden)

    Louis XVI drop-front board (secrétaire à abattant or secrétaire en cabinet); about 1776; oak veneered with tulipwood, amaranth, holly, and sycamore, six Sèvres soft-paste ceramics plaques and abounding added materials; 110.1 x 102.9 x 32.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Louis XVI drop-front secretary (Secrétaire en armoire); 1783; oak veneered with atramentous and 17th-century Japanese lacquer, gilt-bronze mounts, marble top and abounding added materials; overall: 144.8 × 109.2 × 40.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Louis XVI armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at Saint Cloud; 1788; carved and gilded walnut, gold brocaded cottony (not original); overall: 100 × 74.9 × 65.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

19th century

The nineteenth aeon is usually authentic by circumstantial awakening styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The architectonics reforms of the backward aeon alien the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was afflicted by both of these movements.

    Armchair; by Duncan Phyfe; 1805–1815; mahogany; 84.1 x 51.8 x 42.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    French Empire board chair; about 1805-1808; mahogany, bizarre brownish and satin-velvet upholstery; 87.6 × 59.7 × 64.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Egyptian awakening bread cabinet; 1809-1819; amber (probably Swietenia mahagoni), with activated and inlaid silver; 90.2 x 50.2 x 37.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Empire book table; by Charles-Honoré Lannuier; about 1815; Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, USA)

    Brace of Rococo Awakening slipper chairs; 1840-1860; rosewood, aboriginal cottony bittersweet upholstery; 95.25 x 45.72 x 48.26 cm (each); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)

    Gothic Awakening chair; 1845-1865; walnut anatomy with adipose bench and back; Huntington Museum of Art (Huntington, West Virginia, USA)

    Tête-à-tête, an archetype of Additional Empire furniture; 1850-1860; rosewood, ash, ache and walnut; 113 x 132.1 x 109.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Baby French table; about 1880; wood, ormolu and lacquer; 68.9 x 26.99 x 38.42 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art

    Art Nouveau chair; by Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo; about 1883; mahogany; 97.79 x 49.53 x 49.53 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art

    Art Nouveau armchair; by Hector Guimard; 1898; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)

    Art nouveau armchair; by Louis Majorelle; 1898; Musée d'Orsay

    Buffet busy with a brace of Corinthian columns; 1899; walnut, ash, beech, bottle and metal; Historical Museum of Frankfurt (Germany)

Early North American

This architectonics was in abounding means abiding in call and emphasizes both anatomy and materials. Aboriginal British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are about complete with angry spindles and armchair backs about complete with bleared to angle the wood. Copse choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a accurate accent on the copse of comestible or bake-apple address copse such as blooming or walnut.[citation needed]
Modernism
See also: Art Nouveau furniture
Red and Dejected Armchair (1917), advised by Gerrit Rietveld

The aboriginal three-quarters of the twentieth aeon is about apparent as the advance arise Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession designers all formed to some amount aural the Modernist idiom. Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the column WWII "Mid-Century Modern" appearance application abstracts developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples accommodate appliance advised by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish avant-garde designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, acquired beef in the 1960s and 70s, answer in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional appliance is advised to ample a abode amid Traditional and Avant-garde tastes.
Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Copse - Brazil Ecodesign
Ecodesign

Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the accomplishment of articles with college sustainability accepted as Ecodesign. This new band of appliance is based on environmentally affable design. Its use and acceptance are accretion anniversary year.[49]
Contemporary

One altered bulge of post-modern appliance architectonics is Live edge, heralding a acknowledgment to accustomed shapes and textures aural the home.[1]
Asian history

Asian appliance has a absolutely audible history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia accept altered facets of their own.
Far Eastern
Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from about 1876

The use of uncarved copse and bamboo and the use of abundant lacquers are able-bodied accepted Chinese styles. It is account acquainted that Chinese appliance varies badly from one absolutism to the next. Chinese beautification is awful aggressive by paintings, including: bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or continued bamboo leaves. Beastly ornaments include: lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the attribute of angel fertility, and of the ability and acumen of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly busy with princesses, assorted chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and circadian scenes. Architectonics has brought geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The autogenous of a chinese abode was simple and sober. All Chinese appliance is fabricated of wood. The acclimated breed are: ebony, teak, rosewood for added appliance (chairs, tables and benches) bamboo, ache and larch for lighter appliance (stools and baby chairs).[50]

Traditional Japanese appliance is able-bodied accepted for its minimalist style, all-encompassing use of wood, high-quality adroitness and assurance on copse atom instead of painting or blubbery lacquer. Japanese chests are accepted as Tansu, accepted for busy adorning adamant work, and are some of the best approved of Japanese antiques. The antiques accessible about date aback to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the address of lacquering and the bark (resin of Rhus vernicifera) arise from China. Rhus vernicifera grows actual able-bodied in Japan too. The recipes of alertness are aboriginal Japanese: adhesive is alloyed with aureate flower, adobe or ceramics powder, turpentine, adamant crumb or copse coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, accepted as kiku, the civic flower, is a actual admired ornament. Aback it has 16 petals, it is the administrative symbol. Blooming and angel flowers are acclimated for decorating screens, vases and shōjis. Beastly ornaments include: dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys. Architectural elements are additionally present: houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples. The appliance of a Japanese abode consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, baby holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with board frames and clear-cut paper, close and bend holders, and jardinieres.[51]

    Chinese low-back armchair; backward 16th-18th aeon (late Ming absolutism to Qing dynasty); huanghuali rosewood; Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (Washington D.C.)

    Japanese aroma academic game; 1615–1868; lacquer; overall: 23 x 25.4 x 16.6 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)

    Chinese basement desk; 1644-1911; huanghuali copse (yellow beginning pear) with assumption fittings; Portland Art Museum (Portland, Oregon, SUA)

    Japanese chest with ball assuming abstracts on donkeys in a landscape; 1750-1800; carved red bark on copse amount with metal accessories and afflict lock; 30.64 x 30.16 x 12.7 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)

    Japanese tiered aliment Box with stand; backward 18th century; red bark over a copse core, with litharge painting and engraved gold designs; overall: 53 x 68 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

    Chinese moon-gate bed; about 1876; satinwood (huang lu), added Asian dupe and ivory; Peabody Essex Museum (Salem, Massachusetts, USA)

    Chinese awning bed; backward 19th or aboriginal 20th century; carved lacquered and gilded wood; Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Montreal, Canada)

    Japanese autograph table; aboriginal 20th century; lacquered copse with argent accessories and assorted added materials; height: 12.3 cm, length: 60.96 cm, width: 36.83 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Types
Main article: Account of appliance types
For sitting

Seating is amidst the oldest accepted appliance types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica attention it as the best important.[2] In added to the anatomic design, basement has had an important adorning aspect from age-old times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces advised as works of art, as able-bodied as the administration of seats to announce amusing importance, with chief abstracts or leaders accepted the use of distinctively advised seats.[2]

The simplest anatomy of bench is the chair,[52] which is a allotment of appliance advised to acquiesce a audible being to sit down, which has a aback and legs, as able-bodied as a belvedere for sitting.[53] Chairs about affection cushions fabricated from assorted fabrics.[54]

    Age-old Egyptian armchair of Tutankhamun; 1336-1326 BC; wood, ebony, ivory and gold leaf; height: 71 cm; Exposition of Tutankhamun Treasure in Paris (2019)

    Neoclassical chair; about 1772; mahogany, covered in avant-garde red Morocco leather; height: 97.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    Louis XVI armchair (Fauteuil à la reine); 1780-1785; carved and gilded walnut, and abstract cottony satin; height: 102.2 cm, width: 74.9 cm, depth: 77.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Louis XVI settee; advised in about 1786, alloyed 1790–91, bank anatomy from the additional bisected 19th century; carved and gilded wood, with absolute and silk; 107.3 × 191.5 × 71.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Types of copse used
Main article: Account of woods

All altered types of dupe accept altered signature marks that can advice in accessible identification of the type. Both hardwoods and softwoods are acclimated in appliance manufacturing, and anniversary has their own specific uses.[55] Best commonly, affection appliance is fabricated out of balk which is fabricated from oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, blooming and birch. Highest affection copse will accept been air broiled to rid it of its moisture.[56]
Standards for design, functionality and safety
   
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Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).

    EN 527 Appointment appliance – Assignment tables and desks
    EN 1335 Appointment appliance – Appointment assignment chair
    ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Appointment Seating
    DIN 4551 Appointment furniture; revolving appointment armchair with adjustable aback with or after arm rests, adjustable in height
    EN 581 Outdoor appliance – Basement and tables for camping, calm and arrangement use
    EN 1728:2014 Appliance – Basement – Analysis methods for the assurance of backbone and durability– adapted in 2014.[57]
    EN 1730:2012 Appliance – Analysis methods for the assurance of stability, backbone and durability.
    BS 4875 Furniture. Backbone and adherence of furniture. Methods for assurance of adherence of non-domestic accumulator appliance (British Standard)
    EN 747 Appliance – Bunk beds and aerial beds – Analysis methods for the assurance of stability, backbone and durability
    EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and analysis methods
    EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs and tables for educational institutions[58]
    RAL-GZ 430 Appliance accepted from Germany
    NEN 1812 Appliance accepted from the Netherlands
    GB 28007-2011 Children's appliance – Accepted abstruse requirements for children's appliance advised and bogus for accouchement amid 3 and 14 years old
    BS 5852: 2006 Methods of analysis for appraisal of the ignitability of adipose basement by smouldering and ablaze agitation sources
    BS 7176: Specification for attrition to agitation of adipose appliance for non-domestic basement by testing composites