Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة‎, Arabic pronunciation: [bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa]; arresting English: /ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə/, actually "Khalifa Tower" in English), accepted as the Burj Dubai above-mentioned to its commencement in 2010, is a architectonics in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a absolute acme of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, aloof over bisected a mile) and a roof acme (excluding antenna, but including a 244 m spire[2]) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest anatomy and architectonics in the apple aback its topping out in 2009 (preceded by Taipei 101).[3][4]

Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exoteric completed bristles years afterwards in 2009. The primary anatomy is able concrete. The architectonics was opened in 2010 as allotment of a new development alleged Downtown Dubai. It is advised to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The accommodation to assemble the architectonics is based on the government's accommodation to alter from an oil-based economy, and for Dubai to accretion all-embracing recognition. The architectonics was originally alleged Burj Dubai but was renamed in honour of the adjudicator of Abu Dhabi and admiral of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan;[5] Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts. The architectonics bankrupt abundant acme records, including its appellation as the tallest architectonics in the world.

Burj Khalifa was advised by Adrian Smith, of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose close advised the Willis Belfry and One Apple Trade Center. Hyder Consulting was alleged to be the authoritative artist with NORR Accumulation Consultants All-embracing Limited alleged to administer the architectonics of the project. The architectonics is acquired from the Islamic architectonics of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-shaped tripartite attic geometry is advised to optimize residential and auberge space. A buttressed axial bulk and wings are acclimated to abutment the acme of the building. Although this architectonics was acquired from Belfry Palace III, the Burj Khalifa's axial bulk houses all vertical busline with the barring of departure stairs aural anniversary of the wings.[6] The anatomy additionally appearance a cladding arrangement which is advised to bear Dubai's hot summer temperatures. It contains a absolute of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.

At a assertive point in the architectural and engineering process, the aboriginal Emaar developers accomplished banking problems, and appropriate added money and bread-and-butter funding. Sheikh Khalifa, the adjudicator of the United Arab Emirates, accepted budgetary aid and funding, appropriately consistent in the alteration of the name to "Burj Khalifa". The abstraction of advantage acquired from architectonics aerial anatomy developments and malls about the battleground accept accurate successful. Its surrounding malls, hotels and condominiums in Downtown Dubai accept generated the best acquirement from the activity as a whole, while the Burj Khalifa itself fabricated little or no profit.[7][8]

Critical accession to Burj Khalifa has been about positive, and the architectonics has accustomed abounding awards. However, there were abundant complaints apropos casual workers from South Asia who were the primary architectonics activity force. These centered on low accomplishment and the convenance of confiscating passports until duties were complete.[9] Several suicides were reported.
Development

Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exoteric of the anatomy completed on 1 October 2009. The architectonics clearly opened on 4 January 2010[11][12] and is allotment of the 2 km2 (490-acre) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' forth Sheikh Zayed Road, abreast Dubai's capital business district. The tower's architectonics and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as arch architect, and Bill Baker as arch structural engineer.[13][14] The primary artist was Samsung C&T of South Korea.[15]
Conception

Burj Khalifa was advised to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to accommodate 30,000 homes[citation needed], nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at atomic 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) bogus Burj Khalifa Lake. The accommodation to anatomy Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's accommodation to alter from an oil-based abridgement to one that is account and tourism based. According to officials, it was all-important for projects like Burj Khalifa to be congenital in adjustment to accumulate added all-embracing recognition, and appropriately investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) capital to put Dubai on the map with commodity absolutely sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations controlling at Nakheel Properties.[16] The belfry was accepted as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official aperture in January 2010.[17] It was renamed in honour of the adjudicator of Abu Dhabi, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai adopted at atomic $80 billion for architectonics projects.[17] In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its abridgement but it suffered from an bread-and-butter crisis in 2007–2010, abrogation all-embracing projects already in architectonics abandoned.[18]
Records

The Burj Khalifa set several apple records, including:

    Tallest absolute structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
    Tallest anatomy anytime built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
    Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously CN Belfry – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
    Tallest architectonics (to top of spire): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[19]
    Tallest architectonics to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Belfry – 527 m or 1,729 ft)
    Architectonics with best floors: 163 (previously Apple Trade Center – 110)[20]
    World's accomplished elevator accession (situated axial a rod at the absolute top of the building)[21]
    World's longest biking ambit elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[21][22]
    Accomplished vertical accurate pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[23]
    World's tallest anatomy that includes residential space[24]
    World's accomplished accession of an aluminium and bottle façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[25]
    World's accomplished nightclub: 144th floor[26]
    World's accomplished restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd attic at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a acme of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[27]
    World's accomplished New Year affectation of fireworks.[28]
    World's better ablaze and complete appearance staged on a distinct building.[29][30][31]

History of acme increases
Burj Khalifa compared with some added acclaimed alpine structures

There are bottomless letters of several planned acme increases aback its inception. Originally proposed as a basic carbon of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Belfry angle for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands beach development, the belfry was redesigned by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.[32] Marshall Strabala, a Skidmore, Owings and Merrill artist who formed on the activity until 2006, said in backward 2008 that Burj Khalifa was advised to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.[33]

The artist who advised it, Adrian Smith, acquainted that the apical breadth of the architectonics did not culminate alluringly with the blow of the structure, so he approved and accustomed approval to admission its height.[citation needed] It was declared that this change did not add any floors, which fit with Smith's attempts to accomplish the acme added slender.[34] The architectonics opened on 4 January 2010.[11][12]
Architecture and design
Cross-section comparisons of assorted towers, from arena akin to top: Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, Willis Tower, and Apple Trade Center

The belfry was advised by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), which additionally advised the Willis Belfry (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One Apple Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the abiding tube architectonics of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[35][36] Due to its tubular system, proportionally alone bisected the bulk of animate was acclimated in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building.[35][37] Khan's contributions to the architectonics of alpine barrio accept had a abstruse appulse on architectonics and engineering. It would be difficult to acquisition any common practices in the architectonics of alpine barrio that accept not been anon or alongside afflicted by his work.[38] The architectonics is evocative of Frank Lloyd Wright's eyes for The Illinois, a mile-high architectonics advised for Chicago, as able-bodied as Chicago's Lake Point Tower. Aback Adrian Smith was conceiving the activity at SOM, he looked out his appointment window against Lake Point Tower's arced three accession layout, "There's the prototype", he said.[39] According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was advised based on the 73 attic Belfry Palace Three, an all-residential architectonics in Seoul. In its aboriginal planning, Burj Khalifa was advised to be absolutely residential.[33]

Subsequent to the aboriginal architectonics by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the authoritative artist and NORR Accumulation Consultants All-embracing Ltd to administer the architectonics of the project.[40] Hyder was alleged for their adeptness in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[41] Hyder Consulting's role was to administer construction, accredit the architect's design, and be the artist and artist of almanac to the UAE authorities.[40] NORR's role was the administration of all architectural apparatus including on-site administration during architectonics and architectonics of a 6-story accession to the appointment addendum architectonics for architectural documentation. NORR was additionally amenable for the architectural affiliation assets for the Armani Auberge included in the Tower. Emaar Properties additionally affianced GHD,[42] an all-embracing multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an absolute assay and testing ascendancy for accurate and steelwork.

The architectonics is acquired from Islamic architecture.[21] As the belfry rises from the collapsed arid base, there are 27 setbacks in a circling pattern, abbreviating the cantankerous breadth of the belfry as activity advancement and creating acceptable alfresco terraces. These setbacks are abiding and accumbent in a way that minimizes beating wind loading from boil currents and vortices.[6] At the top, the axial bulk emerges and is sculpted to anatomy a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the belfry sways a absolute of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[43]
The circling minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra

The acme of Burj Khalifa is composed of added than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 abbreviate tons; 3,900 continued tons) of structural steel. The axial acme aqueduct weighs 350 tonnes (390 abbreviate tons; 340 continued tons) and has a acme of 200 m (660 ft). The acme additionally houses communications equipment.[44] This 244-metre acme is broadly advised vanity height, aback absolute little of its amplitude is usable. After the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 meters tall. This was appear in a Council on Alpine Barrio and Urban Habitat study, which addendum that the abandoned acme "could be a architectonics on its own".[2] Such a skyscraper, if amid in Europe, would be the 11th tallest architectonics on that continent.[45]

In 2009, architects appear that added than 1,000 pieces of art would beautify the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential antechamber of Burj Khalifa would affectation the assignment of Jaume Plensa.[46]

The cladding arrangement consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of added than 26,000 cogitating bottle panels and aluminium and textured stainless animate spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins.[44] The architectural bottle provides solar and thermal accomplishment as able-bodied as an anti-glare absorber for the acute arid sun, acute arid temperatures and able winds. The bottle covers added than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area[citation needed]. The Burj's archetypal blind bank panels admeasurement 4'6" advanced by 10'8" aerial and counterbalance about 800 pounds each, with added panels abreast the barrio edges and taller ones abreast the top.[47]

The exoteric temperature at the top of the architectonics is anticipation to be 6 °C (11 °F) acknowledgment than at its base.[48][needs update]

A 304-room Armani Hotel, the aboriginal of four by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[3][49] The auberge was declared to accessible on 18 March 2010,[50][51] but afterwards several delays, it assuredly opened to the accessible on 27 April 2010.[52] The accumulated suites and offices were additionally declared to accessible from March onwards,[53] yet the auberge and ascertainment accouter remained the alone genitalia of the architectonics which were accessible in April 2010.

The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors abode pond pools.[54] Floors through to 108 accept 900 clandestine residential apartments (which, according to the developer, awash out aural eight hours of actuality on the market). An alfresco zero-entry pond basin is amid on the 76th attic of the tower. Accumulated offices and suites ample best of the absolute floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd and 124th, breadth the At.mosphere restaurant, sky antechamber and an calm and alfresco ascertainment accouter are amid respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would accept its aboriginal association from February 2010.[54][55]

The architectonics has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[44] The elevators accept a accommodation of 12 to 14 bodies per cabin, the fastest ascent and bottomward at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) for double-deck elevators. However, the world's fastest single-deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at 16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had advised installing the world's aboriginal triple-deck elevators, but the final architectonics alleged for double-deck elevators.[24] The double-deck elevators are able with ball appearance such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their biking to the ascertainment deck.[56] The architectonics has 2,909 stairs from the arena attic to the 160th floor.[57]
Plumbing systems

The Burj Khalifa's baptize arrangement food an boilerplate of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of baptize per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[21][58] An added 213 km (132 mi) of brim serves the blaze emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) food algid baptize for the air conditioning system.[58] The decay baptize arrangement uses force to acquittal baptize from accouterments fixtures, attic drains, automated accessories and storm water, to the burghal borough sewer.[59]
Air conditioning

The air conditioning arrangement draws air from the aerial floors breadth the air is acknowledgment and cleaner than on the ground.[60] At aiguille cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), agnate to that provided by 13,000 abbreviate accoutrements (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[58] Baptize is calm via a condensate accumulating arrangement and is acclimated to adulterate the adjacent park.[21]
Window cleaning

To ablution the 24,348 windows, accretion 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 sq ft) of glass, the architectonics has three accumbent beforehand which anniversary captivation a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) brazier machine. Aloft akin 109, and up to bank 27, acceptable cradles from davits are used. The top of the architectonics is bankrupt by a aggregation that uses ropes to alight from the top to accretion access.[61][62] Beneath accustomed conditions, aback all architectonics aliment units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to apple-pie the absolute exterior.[44][63]

Unmanned machines apple-pie the top 27 added tiers and the bottle spire. The charwoman arrangement was developed in Melbourne, Australia, by CoxGomyl, a architect of architectonics aliment units,[64] at a amount of A$8 million.[63]
Features
The Dubai Fountain
The Dubai Fountain
Main article: The Dubai Fountain

Outside, WET Enterprises advised a bubbler arrangement at a amount of Dh 800 actor (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) continued and shoots baptize 150 m (500 ft) into the air, accompanied by a ambit of classical to abreast Arabic and added music. It is the world's added better choreographed fountain.[65] On 26 October 2008, Emaar appear that based on after-effects of a allotment claiming the bubbler would be alleged the Dubai Fountain.[66]
Observation deck
View of The Dubai Bubbler from the ascertainment deck
View from the ascertainment deck

An alfresco ascertainment deck, alleged At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the accomplished alfresco ascertainment accouter in the apple aback it opened.[67] Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft),[68] Burj Khalifa opened the 148th attic SKY akin at 555 m (1,821 ft), already afresh giving it the accomplished ascertainment accouter in the apple on 15 October 2014,[69][70] until the Shanghai Belfry opened in June 2016 with an ascertainment accouter at a acme of 561 metres. The 124th attic ascertainment accouter additionally appearance the cyberbanking telescope, an aggrandized absoluteness accessory developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to appearance the surrounding mural in real-time, and to appearance advanced adored images such as those taken at altered times of day or beneath altered acclimate conditions.[71][72][73] To abate the circadian blitz of sightseers, administration allows visitors to acquirement tickets in beforehand for a specific date and time, at a 75% abatement on tickets purchased on the spot.[74]

On 8 February 2010, the ascertainment accouter was bankrupt to the accessible for two months afterwards power-supply problems acquired an elevator to become ashore amid floors, accoutrement a accumulation of tourists for 45 minutes.[75][76][77][78][79] Aback the course is low and afterimage is high, bodies can see the shores of Iran from the top of the skyscraper.[80]
Burj Khalifa park

Burj Khalifa is amidst by an 11 ha (27-acre) esplanade advised by mural architects SWA Group.[81] Like the tower, the park's architectonics was based on the annual of the Hymenocallis, a arid plant.[82] At the centre of the esplanade is the baptize room, which is a alternation of pools and baptize jet fountains. Benches and signs absorb images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.[83]

The plants are watered by baptize calm from the building's cooling system. The arrangement provides 68,000,000 L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually.[83] WET Enterprises, who additionally developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six baptize features.[84]
Floor plans
Floors     Purpose[44][85]     Dimetric bump with floors color-coded by function[86]
160–163     Mechanical    
   
Burj Khalifa floors.svg
156–159     Communication and broadcast
155     Mechanical
149–154     Corporate suites
148     At the Top Sky observatory
139–147     Corporate suites
136–138     Mechanical
125–135     Corporate suites
124     At the Top observatory
123     Sky lobby
122     At.mosphere restaurant
111–121     Corporate suites
109–110     Mechanical
77–108     Residential
76     Sky lobby
73–75     Mechanical
44–72     Residential
43     Sky lobby
40–42     Mechanical
38–39     Armani Auberge suites
19–37     Residential
17–18     Mechanical
9–16     Armani Residences
1–8     Armani Hotel
Ground     Armani Hotel
Concourse     Armani Hotel
B1–B2     Parking, mechanical
Ramadan observance

On the college floors, the sun can still be apparent for several account afterwards it has set at arena level. This has led Dubai clerics to aphorism that those alive aloft the 80th attic should delay 2 added account to breach their Ramadan fast, and those alive aloft the 150th floor, 3 minutes.[87]
Construction and structure
File:Burj Dubai Evolution.ogvPlay media
Animation of architectonics process
Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa beneath architectonics in March 2008

The belfry was complete by Samsung C&T from South Korea, which additionally did assignment on the Petronas Twin Architectonics and Taipei 101.[88] Samsung C&T congenital the belfry in a collective adventure with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE.[89][90] Turner was the activity administrator on the capital architectonics contract.[91] Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminum accumulated to accommodate the exoteric cladding for Burj Khalifa.[92][93]

The artist and the artist of almanac was Hyder Consulting.[94] Beneath UAE law, the artist and the artist of almanac is accordingly and severally accountable for the accomplishment of Burj Khalifa.

The primary anatomy is able concrete. Putzmeister created a new, cool high-pressure bivouac accurate pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[23] Burj Khalifa's architectonics acclimated 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of accurate and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 abbreviate tons; 54,000 continued tons) of animate rebar, and architectonics took 22 actor man-hours.[13] In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped accurate with added than 21 MPA ultimate compressive backbone of alluvium to beat the 600 meters weight of the able breadth of anniversary cavalcade from the foundation to the abutting fourth level, and the blow was by metal columns jacketed or covered with accurate to a afresh apple almanac commitment acme of 606 m (1,988 ft),[23] the 156th floor. Three belfry cranes were acclimated during architectonics of the apical levels, anniversary able of appropriation a 25-tonne load.[95] The absolute anatomy aloft was complete of lighter steel.

In 2003, 33 assay holes were accomplished to abstraction the backbone of the basement basal the structure.[96] "Weak to absolute anemic sandstone and siltstone" was found, aloof metres beneath the surface.[citation needed] Samples were taken from assay holes accomplished to a abyss of 140 metres, accolade anemic to absolute anemic bedrock all the way.[97] The abstraction declared the armpit as allotment of a "seismically alive area".[citation needed] Addition arduous aspect was the shamal which about creates sandstorms.[19]

Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, belief added than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 abbreviate tons; 110,000 continued tons) were acclimated to assemble the accurate and animate foundation, which appearance 192 piles; anniversary accumulation is 1.5 accent in bore by 43 m in length, active added than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[24] The foundation was advised to abutment the absolute architectonics weight of about 450,000 tonnes (500,000 abbreviate tons; 440,000 continued tons). This weight was afresh disconnected by the compressive backbone of accurate of which is 30 MPa which yielded a 450 sq.meters of vertical accustomed able area, which afresh yielded to a 12 meters by 12 meters dimensions.[98] A cathodic aegis arrangement is beneath the accurate to abrogate the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and anticipate corrosion.[44][19]

The Burj Khalifa is awful compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned ambush floors are amid every 13 floors (in floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52 etc.) breadth bodies can apartment on their continued airing bottomward to assurance in case of an emergency or fire.[44][99]

Special mixes of accurate were fabricated to bear the acute pressures of the massive architectonics weight; as is archetypal with able accurate construction, anniversary accumulation of accurate was activated to ensure it could bear assertive pressures. CTLGroup, alive for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the edge and abbreviating testing analytical for the structural assay of the building.[100]

The bendability of the accurate acclimated in the activity was essential. It was difficult to actualize a accurate that could bear both the accoutrements of tonnes address bottomward on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can adeptness 50 °C (122 °F). To activity this problem, the accurate was not caked during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the admixture and it was caked at night aback the air was acknowledgment and the clamminess was higher. Acknowledgment accurate cures added analogously and is accordingly beneath acceptable to set too bound and crack. Any cogent cracks could accept put the absolute activity in jeopardy.[101][102][103][104][105]
Milestones
Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010

    January 2004: Excavation commences.[25]
    February 2004: Piling starts.[25]
    21 September 2004: Emaar contractors activate construction.[106]
    March 2005: Anatomy of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[25]
    June 2006: Akin 50 is reached.[25]
    February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Belfry as the architectonics with the best floors.
    13 May 2007: Sets almanac for vertical accurate pumping on any architectonics at 452 m (1,483 ft), afore the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which accurate was pumped during the architectonics of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa accomplished the 130th floor.[25][107]
    21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose acme of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) fabricated it the world's tallest building, and akin 141 reached.[25][108]
    12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Belfry antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).
    12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, afore the CN Belfry in Toronto, and akin 150 reached.[25][109]
    7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest counterfeit structure, akin 160 reached.[25][110]
    17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's acme is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final acme will not be accustomed until it is completed in September 2009.[111]
    1 September 2008: Acme acme 688 m (2,257 ft), authoritative it the tallest counterfeit anatomy anytime built, afore the antecedent record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[112]
    17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[113]
    1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exoteric of the architectonics is completed.[114]
    4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official barrage commemoration is captivated and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the Admiral of the UAE and adjudicator of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[4]
    10 March 2010: Council on Alpine Barrio and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[115]

Real acreage values

In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, administrator of the project's developer, Emaar Properties, said appointment amplitude appraisement at Burj Khalifa accomplished US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m²) and the Armani Residences, additionally in Burj Khalifa, awash for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m²).[116] He estimated the absolute amount for the activity to be about US$1.5 billion.[5]

The project's accomplishment coincided with the banking crisis of 2007–2008, and with all-inclusive overbuilding in the country, arch to aerial vacancies and foreclosures.[117] With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was affected to seek multibillion dollar bailouts from its oil-rich acquaintance Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a abruptness move at its aperture ceremony, the belfry was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE Admiral Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his acute support.[4][118]

Because of the crumbling appeal in Dubai's acreage market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months afterwards its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still abandoned at that time.[119][120] However, over the abutting two and a bisected years, across investors steadily began to acquirement the accessible apartments and appointment space.[121] By October 2012, Emaar appear that about 80% of the apartments were occupied.[122]
Official barrage ceremony
The aperture commemoration of Burj Khalifa

The commemoration was advertisement alive on a behemothic awning on Burj Esplanade Island and on abate screens elsewhere.[123] Hundreds of media outlets from about the apple appear alive from the scene.[124] In accession to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[125]

The aperture was captivated on 4 January 2010.[126] The commemoration featured a affectation of 10,000 fireworks, ablaze beams projected on and about the tower, and added sound, ablaze and baptize effects.[124] The celebratory lighting was advised by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates.[127] Application the 868 able stroboscope lights that are chip into the façade and acme of the tower, altered lighting sequences were choreographed, calm with added than 50 altered combinations of added effects.[citation needed]
Incidents
Fatalities

Within 17 months of the building's official opening, a man declared as "an Asian in his mid-30s", who formed at one of the companies in the tower, died by suicide on 10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th floor. He fell 39 floors, landing on a accouter on the 108th floor. Dubai badge accepted the act as a suicide, advertisement that "[they] additionally came to apperceive that the man absitively to accomplish suicide as his aggregation banned to admission leave."[128]

On 18 May 2015, Dubai badge acknowledged a address that a Portuguese civic who was in Dubai on a day-tripper acceptance fell to her afterlife from Burj Khalifa's "At the Top SKY" ascertainment accouter on the 148th floor, and said that this adventure took abode in Jumeirah Lakes Towers.[129] A Dubai coroner's address declared her anatomy was activate on the third attic of the Burj Khalifa.[130] Emails acquired beneath the Freedom of Information act from Portugal's admiral in the UAE additionally accepted that she had committed suicide from the 148th attic of the Burj Khalifa.[131]
Labour controversy
Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates

The Burj Khalifa was congenital primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[132][133] This is about because the accepted bearing of UAE locals adopt authoritative jobs and do not accept an attitude favouring clandestine area employment.[134][135] On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 accomplished workers active at the architectonics site.[111] Press letters adumbrated in 2006 that accomplished carpenters at the armpit becoming £4.34 a day, and labourers becoming £2.84.[132] According to a BBC analysis and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in bottomless conditions, and formed continued hours for low pay.[136][137][138] During construction, alone one construction-related afterlife was reported.[139] However, abode injuries and fatalities in the UAE are "poorly documented", according to Human Rights Watch.[136]

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, agitated over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers and architectonics equipment.[132] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters acquired about £500,000 in damage.[132] Best of the workers complex in the anarchism alternate the afterward day but banned to work.[132]
Other uses
BASE jumping

The architectonics has been acclimated by several accomplished BASE jumpers for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:

    In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balustrade anchored several floors beneath the 160th floor.[140][141]
    On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, bankrupt the apple almanac for the accomplished BASE jump from a architectonics afterwards they leapt from a crane-suspended belvedere absorbed to the 160th attic at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical bead at a acceleration of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with abundant time to accessible their parachutes 10 abnormal into the 90-second jump.[142][143]
    On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and abutment from several sponsors, awful accomplished French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen bankrupt the Guinness apple almanac for the accomplished BASE jump from a architectonics afterwards they leapt from a distinctively advised platform, congenital at the absolute top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[144][145][146]

Climbing

On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the alfresco of Burj Khalifa. The ascend to the top of the acme took six hours. To accede with UAE assurance laws, Robert, who usually climbs in chargeless abandoned style, acclimated a braiding and harness.[147]
In accepted culture
   
This breadth gives self-sourcing accepted adeptness examples after anecdotic their acceptation in the ambience of the article. Please advice advance this breadth by abacus citations to reliable sources that alarm the examples' significance, and by removing beneath pertinent examples. Unsourced or ailing sourced absolute may be challenged or removed. (September 2018) (Learn how and aback to abolish this arrangement message)

    Some scenes of the 2011 American activity blur Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol were attempt on and in the Burj Khalifa, during which Tom Cruise's appearance Ethan Hunt climbs on the alfresco of the architectonics to bastard from one auberge allowance into another. These scenes were attempt on the absolute exoteric of the building, with Cruise assuming his own stunts. [148]
    In the 2016 American science fiction blur Independence Day: Resurgence, the Burj Khalifa was apparent breadth it—along with abounding added structures—is actuality befuddled into London by the aliens application their mothership's anti-gravity pull.[149]
    The Burj Khalifa, alongside added Dubai landmarks, was featured in the music video of "Thunder" by Imagine Dragons.[150]
    In The Amazing Race 15, the season's aggressive teams visited the architectonics during Leg 5 to retrieve a clue from the 124th floor, during which time the architectonics was still beneath architectonics and still beneath its aboriginal name of Burj Dubai.[151] The Burj Khalifa was featured afresh ten years afterwards on The Amazing Race 31 and hosted one of the two Detour tasks in Leg 5.[152]
    The different architectonics and engineering challenges of architectonics Burj Khalifa accept been featured in a cardinal of television documentaries, including Big, Bigger, Better and Mega Builders.

Awards

In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the almsman of the 2010 "Best Alpine Architectonics Middle East & Africa" accolade by the Council on Alpine Barrio and Urban Habitat.[153] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the accolade for best activity of the year at the Middle East Artist Awards 2010.[154] Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, said:

    We are talking about a architectonics actuality that has afflicted the mural of what is accessible in architectonics – a architectonics that became internationally accustomed as an figure continued afore it was alike completed. ‘Building of the Century’ was anticipation a added apt appellation for it.[155]

Burj Khalifa was additionally the almsman of the afterward awards.[156][157]
Year     Award
2012     Award of Merit for Apple Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Antechamber from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago.
2011     Interior Architectonics Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Distinguished Architectonics Award, Commendation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Interior Architectonics Award: Appropriate Acceptance from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Design Excellence Award: Appropriate Activity Room.
Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.
Outstanding Anatomy Accolade from All-embracing Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Accumulated Amplitude Small from All-embracing Interior Architectonics Association (IIDA).
Decade of Architectonics • Best of Category/Mixed Use Barrio from All-embracing Interior Architectonics Association (IIDA).
GCC Technical Architectonics Activity of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Bread-and-butter Digest).
Project of the Year from MEED.
2010     International Architectonics Award.
Arab Accomplishment Accolade 2010: Best Architectonics Activity from Arab Beforehand Summit.
Architecture Accolade (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Acreage Awards.
Architecture Accolade (Mixed Use) Arabian Arena from Arabian Acreage Awards.
International Architectonics Accolade from Chicago Athenaeum.
American Architectonics Accolade from Chicago Athenaeum.
Commercial / Mixed Use Congenital from Cityscape.
Best Mixed Use Congenital Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi.
Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis.
Award for Commercial or Retail Anatomy from Institution of Structural Engineers.
International Architectonics Accolade (Mixed Use) from All-embracing Commercial Acreage Awards.
Special Acceptance for Technological Advancement from All-embracing Highrise Awards.
Best Structural Architectonics of the Year from LEAF Award.
International Projects Category: Outstanding Activity from Civic Council of Structural Engineers Associations.
Best of What's New from Accepted Science Magazine.
Spark Awards, Silver Award.
Excellence in Structural Engineering: Best Innovative Anatomy from SEAOI.
See also

    flagUnited Arab Emirates aperture iconArchitecture portal

    List of barrio in Dubai
    List of barrio with 100 floors or more
    List of development projects in Dubai
    List of tallest barrio and structures
    List of tallest freestanding structures
    List of tallest barrio in Dubai
    List of tallest barrio in the United Arab Emirates
    List of tallest buildings
    List of tallest structures
    Jeddah Tower

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External links
    Wikimedia Commons has media accompanying to:
Burj Khalifa (category)

    Official website
    "The Burj Dubai Belfry Wind Engineering" (PDF). (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006)
    "The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower" (PDF). Archived from the aboriginal on 14 September 2017. (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)
    BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening, with video and links; Maintaining the world's tallest building
    Geographic abstracts accompanying to Burj Khalifa at OpenStreetMap

Records
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)     World's tallest anatomy anytime built
2008 – present     Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)     World's tallest structure
2008 – present
Preceded by
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft)     World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – present
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)     World's tallest building
2010 – present
Preceded by
Willis Tower
108 floors     Building with the best floors
2007 – present
Preceded by
Almas Tower
360 m (1,180 ft)     Tallest architectonics in Dubai
2010 – present

    vte

Dubai skyscrapers

    vte

Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller)

    vte

Landmarks and attractions in Dubai
Categories:

    High-tech architectureHotel barrio completed in 2009Islamic architectureNeo-futurism architectureOffice barrio completed in 2009Postmodern architectonics in DubaiResidential barrio completed in 2009Residential skyscrapers in DubaiSkidmore, Owings & Merrill buildingsSkyscraper hotels in DubaiSkyscraper appointment barrio in Dubai