History of Tamil Nadu politics
Pre-Dravidian backroom of Tamil Nadu
The era of pre-dravidian backroom of Tamil Nadu is bedeviled by the Indian Civic Congress (INC). The Indian Civic Congress was the cardinal affair of Tamil Nadu for the aboriginal twenty years afterwards independence, until a dravidian party, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), swept the 1967 elections.[1] Ability has aback confused amid the two above dravidian parties of the state, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[1]
K. Kamaraj was the best affecting baton during the Congress era in Tamil Nadu.[2] Kamaraj was alive in the ascent and atrophy of the aboriginal six Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu afterward independence: T. Prakasam, O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, Kumaraswamy Raja, C. Rajagopalachari, M. Bhakthavatsalam, and himself. Kamaraj originally threw his abutment abaft T. Prakasam to anticipate C. Rajagopalachari from acceptable Chief Minister in 1946, however, Kamaraj acquainted it was too difficult to ascendancy Prakasam as he was Telugu and didn't feel the charge to address to the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.[2] Kamaraj facilitated the adjournment of Prakasam and the ascent of O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar as Chief Minister in 1947.[2] Ramaswamy and Kamaraj eventually had a falling out which led to Ramaswamy's atrophy admitting he was Tamil and originally became Chief Minister with Kamaraj's support.[2] Kamaraj eventually animated Kumaraswamy Raja to the position of Chief Minister in 1949—a position which Raja retained till he absent his bench in the accustomed acclamation of 1952.[2]
The accustomed acclamation of 1952 briefly bargain the Congress Affair to a boyhood in the accompaniment aldermanic assembly. Admitting Congress captivated the best seats in the accompaniment aldermanic assembly—152 out of 375, they did not accommodated the appropriate 188 seats to prove a administering majority.[3] In response, antipathetic parties began to body a post-election affiliation arduous the Congress party.[3] The coalition, the United Democratic Front (UDF), comprised 30 independents as able-bodied as the Antipathetic Affair of India (CPI) and CPI backed independents, Kisan Mazdoor Praja Affair (KMPP), Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Commonweal Party, Forward Block (Marxist Group) additionally accustomed as FBL (MG), All India Appointed Amount Federation (SCF), and Amends Affair (JUSP).[3] With 166 aldermanic seats, the UDF staked their affirmation to anatomy a government. The Governor at the time, Maharaja Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji, absitively to accredit the amount to the President of India, Rajendra Prasad, rather than account altercation at the end of his appellation as Governor.[3] Per the Constitution, the President approved the admonition of the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who was clumsy to accomplish a accommodation on the matter.[3] With the bearings at a standstill, Kamaraj was in favor of acceptance the UDF to anatomy a government as he believed the affiliation government would be brief appropriately accouterment an befalling for Congress to accretion ability back.[3] However, abounding were against to Kamaraj's angle as they were affronted by the achievability of a Antipathetic government, and angry to Rajagopalachari, a allegiant anti-Communist, to advance the government as Chief Minister.[3] Set to advance the accompaniment government, Rajagopalachari absitively he would not seek acclamation to the accompaniment accumulation as he believed it was beneath his status.[3] As Rajagopalachari would not seek acclamation to the lower abode of the accompaniment legislature, the acting Chief Minister, Kumaraswamy Raja, promptly recommended Rajagopalachari's arrangement to the high abode of the accompaniment legislature, and the new Governor, Sri Prakasa, apace accustomed the recommendation.[3] Rajagopalachari was afresh arrive by Prakasa to anatomy the accompaniment government and asked to prove his majority in the accompaniment legislature. Rajagopalachari accepted a majority added than three months afterwards by acceptable action associates to defect, and allying himself with parties that had not abutting the UDF.[3]
Kamaraj added his bastion over Tamil Nadu backroom afterward the break of the Telugu-speaking areas from Tamil Nadu in 1953, and facilitated the abatement of Rajagopalachari as Chief Minister in 1954 afterwards Rajagopalachari's accomplishing of the abhorred Modified Scheme of Elementary Education.[2][4] Kamaraj afresh ascended to the Chief Ministership himself, and would abide in that position for the abutting nine years.
As Chief Minister, Kamaraj paid appropriate absorption to apprenticeship as that was the affair that led to his predecessor's downfall.[2][4][5] Apprenticeship was fabricated compulsatory and chargeless to all accouchement till the age of 14.[5] 25,234 schools were opened amid 1954 and 1962 so that villages with populations greater than 500 had at atomic one or added schools.[5] At the aforementioned time, accessory apprenticeship was restructured—mathematics, science, and amusing studies were fabricated compulsatory subjects, and acceptance were provided the befalling to apprentice their accent of best as able-bodied as Hindi and English.[5] Acceptance in primary and accessory schools angled from 1955 to 1962.[5] By 1954, the accompaniment government had opened 140 training schools for teachers.[5] In 1955, the Tamil Nadu government was the aboriginal in Asia to accommodate a provident fund, pensions, and allowance for teachers.[5] The Academy Midday Meal Scheme launched in 1957 as an allurement to admission enrollment.[5] Beginning in 1960, academy uniforms were provided chargeless of amount to children.[5] The accompaniment government implemented the Academy Improvement Movement in 1958 which led to 24,656 schools accepting donations account about 7,93,00,000 rupees from the accessible by 1963.[5]
Irrigation was addition above focus of the Tamil Nadu government as Kamaraj believed bigger irrigation would admission aliment accumulation and capital to advance the hydroelectric capabilities of dams and reservoirs. Nine all-embracing irrigation projects extensive about 3,34,000 acreage were completed by the accompaniment government during the aboriginal bristles year plan (1951-1956) for a absolute amount of about 29,00,00,000 rupees.[5] Addition six irrigation projects extensive about 2,92,000 acreage were completed during the added bristles year plan (1965-1961).[5] The accompaniment government pursued assorted all-embracing ability bearing projects to advance electrification—22,103 villages had electricity in 1966, up from 813 villages in 1951.[5] Bristles automated zones were created throughout the accompaniment to activation advance in abundant industries and assorted automated estates were created to animate abate industries.[5] The Madras Cultivating Tenants Act of 1956 and the Madras Land Reforms Act of 1962 bigger farmers rights.[5] Amusing abundance schemes aimed at convalescent altitude for appointed castes and appointed tribes as able-bodied as women were implemented. Tamil became the official accent of the accompaniment in 1958, and the aboriginal Tamil album appear by the Tamil Academy was presented in 1962.[5]
Kamaraj accommodated in 1963 to focus on the awakening of the Congress party. M. Bhakthavatsalam succeeded Kamaraj and would abide Chief Minister until the acclamation of 1967 aback ability confused to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[5]
Rise of Dravidian politics
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Main article: Acceleration of Dravidian parties to ability in Tamil Nadu
Dravidian parties accept bedeviled accompaniment backroom aback 1967. One of the ancient bounded parties was the South Indian Abundance Association, which was founded in 1916. It came to be accustomed as the Amends Affair afterwards the name of its English-language daily, Justice. E.V. Ramasami, bargain accustomed as "Periyar", renamed the affair Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. DK was a non-political affair which accepted the enactment of an absolute accompaniment alleged Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences amid its two leaders Periyar and C.N. Annadurai, the affair was split. Annadurai larboard the affair to anatomy the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK absitively to admission into backroom in 1956.
The Anti-Hindi agitations in the mid-1960s fabricated the DMK added accepted and added able political force in the state. The DMK baffled the Indian Civic Congress affair in the 1967 elections and took ascendancy of the accompaniment government, catastrophe Congress's bastion in Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's aboriginal Chief Minister, and Muthuvel Karunanidhi took over as Chief Minister and affair baton afterwards Annadurai's afterlife in 1969. Karunanidhi's administration was anon challenged by M.G. Ramachandran, bargain accustomed as MGR. In 1972, he breach from DMK and formed the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). He was the Chief Minister of the accompaniment from 1977 until his afterlife in 1987. Afterwards the afterlife of MGR, the affair breach afresh into two factions, one led by Janaki Ramachandran, wife of MGR, and the added led by J. Jayalalithaa. Afterwards the defeat of AIADMK in 1989 accumulation polls, both factions were alloyed and Jayalalithaa took ascendancy of the party. She was adopted as the Accustomed Secretary of the unified AIADMK. There accept been splits in both the DMK and the AIADMK, but aback 1967 one of those two parties has captivated ability in the state. In the Accompaniment elections afterwards M.G. Ramachandran's death, neither of the two parties could appear aback to ability in after accumulation elections. Governments were formed by: DMK in 1989, AIADMK in 1991, DMK accord in 1996, AIADMK accord in 2001, DMK accord in 2006 and AIADMK accord consecutively in 2011 and 2016.
Tamil Bellicism in politics
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Main article: Tamil Nationalism
Tamil Bellicism has been allotment of the Tamil political Arena anytime aback a Tamil appearance pride has been created amid the Tamil association in the astern 19th century. Dravidian movement and Tamil bellicism rose from the aforementioned roots. They differed in actual few but were identical in important topics, such as abolishment of casteism , announcement religious adequation and annihilation of untouchability. While Dravidian parties booty these capacity at the aforementioned akin of Advance of Tamil, the Tamil organizations sole antecedence was advance of Tamil. On assorted occasions they were religious and sometimes banned to accede the amount problems.[6]
During the Anti Hindi Imposition Movement, the Tamil Nationalist organizations converged with Dravidian parties on the accepted arena of Protecting and Announcement Tamil.[7] In the abutting advancing decades, the appliance of the Tamil Nationalist Parties bargain to a abundant degree. Still abounding Tamil Nationalist organizations accumulate on alive on advance of Tamil identity.
Such parties and their behavior can be classified into a added spectrum. There are organizations which affirmation every actuality with an absorbed to advance Tamil appearance as a Tamil. At the aforementioned time, few elements allocate and abjure Tamil appearance to the bodies of Tamil Nadu based on Amount lines, which is in absolute adverse to the above type.[citation needed]
After the afterlife of Velupillai Prabhakaran, a revival, alike admitting not a big abundant to actualize an appulse in political balance, is seen. The success of this new beachcomber is yet to be seen.
Political ability of Tamil Nadu
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Social Abundance Schemes
Politics in Tamil Nadu has had a acerb left-wing appearance aback the acceleration of Dravidian backroom in the 1960s. In Tamil Nadu, AIADMK and DMK are alternately adopted by bodies in Tamil Nadu and a able third affair does not exist. Both AIADMK and DMK, the above political parties in Tamil Nadu, as per their political and bread-and-butter policy, fabricated abiding that the bodies of the accompaniment accept the fruits of the avant-garde technology.[8] Whichever affair was in the rule, fabricated abiding that all the households accept a television set, the womenfolk accept admission to assignment on the abridgement of their ancestors by accouterment them domiciliary appliances[9] and the acceptance accept all the all-important accoutrement to ability and complete their apprenticeship namely bicycle, textbooks, jotter and laptops.[10]
At the aforementioned time, the affiance of and administration of freebies is advised and criticized to be a anatomy of bribery, bearded as bodies welfare. The appropriate addition political parties and economists feel that the budgetary atrocity and handouts don’t accomplish bread-and-butter faculty and, importantly, they tend to accomplish bodies lazy.[11] The leftists and the larboard aptitude parties accept aloft apropos about the acquirement archetypal acclimated for costs the chargeless schemes. They allege the two parties of depoliticizing the electorate and bribery the voters to about-face dark eye to the corruptions of the regimes[12][13][14] These amusing abundance schemes accommodate the Dravidian band of the Tamilnadu backroom an bend over the added bounded and civic parties.
Caste Politics
Tamil Nadu has apparent abundant amount based parties, confined two purposes. Either to represent the 18-carat apropos of the afflicted communities or to actualize Votebanks for cardinal parties.[15]
The Dalit political parties, apery the afflicted societies accept been angry for amusing justice. Typically catch in apprenticeship and job opportunities are accepted by such parties.[16] In Tamil Nadu such parties are additionally supporters of Tamil Nationalism. Rarely some of the parties accept claimed that the castes they represent are afflicted by actuality declared a allotment of the Appointed castes list. They appeal abatement of their amount from Appointed castes account and to rename their caste.[17]
However, bodies from the almost high castes additionally accept founded political parties. They abhorrence that their opportunities are beggared by the concessions continued to the SC and ST communities. They accept accepted to get their castes declared as astern to account reservation.[18]
The aftereffect of the amount backroom is arguable and could not be accepted to end in abreast future.[19] In 2001, the sitting DMK government came up with a huge a accord with amount parties and was defeated in 2001 accumulation election. Still amount based political parties are allotment of both the cardinal and action alliances in all the alternating elections.
Celebrity worship
Many bodies from the Tamil blur industry are alive in Tamil Nadu politics. Some of the Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu like M. G. Ramachandran, M. Karunanidhi and J. Jayalalithaa accept their accomplishments in the Tamil blur industry. Kamal Haasan who enjoys a abundant distinction already entered into Tamil Nadu backroom in 2018. Rajinikanth who is adequate a demigod cachet in Tami Nadu is in the chase to alpha a political affair in 2020. The adoration of affair baton by associates is broadly advance in Tamil Nadu, sometimes it alcove a biased level. This adoration ability originates during the era of M.G.R.[20]
The youngsters were generally a agency that changes the activating of Tamil Nadu politics, what can be apparent in Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, 2013 Anti–Sri Lanka protests and 2017 pro-jallikattu protests.
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