Karate

Karate (空手) (/kəˈrɑːti/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] (About this soundlisten); Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a aggressive art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the aboriginal Ryukyuan aggressive arts (called te (手), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) beneath the access of Kung Fu, decidedly Fujian White Crane.[1][2] Karate is now predominantly a arresting art application punching, kicking, knee strikes, bend strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some avant-garde styles, grappling, throws, collective locks, restraints and vital-point strikes are additionally taught.[3] A karate practitioner is alleged a karateka (空手家), and its plural is "karateka" or "karatekas".

The Empire of Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. Karate came to the Japanese archipelago in the aboriginal 20th aeon during a time of clearing as Ryukyuans, abnormally from Okinawa, looked for assignment in the capital islands of Japan.[4] It was systematically accomplished in Japan afterwards the Taishō era of 1912–1926.[5] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education arrive Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to accord a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University accustomed the aboriginal university karate club in acreage Japan, and by 1932 above Japanese universities had karate clubs.[6] In this era of ascent Japanese militarism,[7] the name was afflicted from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[8] to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are arresting karate in Japanese – to announce that the Japanese admired to advance the action anatomy in Japanese style.[9] Afterwards Apple War II, Okinawa became (1945) an important United States aggressive armpit and karate became accustomed amid servicemen stationed there.[10]

The martial-arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to abundantly access the acceptance of aggressive arts about the world, and English-speakers began to use the chat karate in a all-encompassing way to accredit to all striking-based Asian aggressive arts.[11] Karate schools began actualization beyond the world, accouterment to those with accidental absorption as able-bodied as those gluttonous a added abstraction of the art.

Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dōjō, opined that "the majority of followers of karate in beyond countries accompany karate alone for its angry techniques ... Movies and television ... characterize karate as a abstruse way of angry able of causing afterlife or abrasion with a distinct draft ... the accumulation media present a bogus art far from the absolute thing."[12] Shōshin Nagamine said: "Karate may be advised as the battle aural oneself or as a life-long chase which can be won alone through self-discipline, adamantine training and one's own artistic efforts."[13]

On 28 September 2015 karate featured on a shortlist (along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and action climbing) for application for admittance in the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 1 June 2016 the International Olympic Committee's controlling lath appear they were acknowledging the admittance of all bristles sports (counting baseball and softball as alone one sport) for admittance in the 2020 Games.

Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims that karate has 50 actor practitioners worldwide,[14] while the Apple Karate Federation claims there are 100 actor practitioners about the world.[15]
Etymology

Karate was originally accounting as "Chinese hand" (唐手, actually "Tang absolutism hand") in kanji. It was afflicted to a homophone acceptation abandoned duke (空手) in 1935. The aboriginal use of the chat "karate" in book is attributed to Ankō Itosu; he wrote it as "唐手". The Tang Absolutism of China concluded in AD 907, but the kanji apery it charcoal in use in Japanese accent apropos to China generally, in such words as "唐人街" acceptation Chinatown. Appropriately the chat "karate" was originally a way of cogent "martial art from China."

    Since there are no accounting annal it is not accustomed absolutely whether the kara in karate was originally accounting with the appearance 唐 acceptation China or the appearance 空 acceptation empty. During the time back account for China and things Chinese was at its acme in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to use the above appearance back apropos to things of accomplished quality. Afflicted by this practice, in contempo times karate has amorphous to be accounting with the appearance 唐 to accord it a faculty of chic or elegance.
    — Gichin Funakoshi[16]

The aboriginal accurate use of a homophone of the logogram arresting kara by replacing the Chinese appearance acceptation "Tang Dynasty" with the appearance acceptation "empty" took abode in Karate Kumite accounting in August 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). Sino-Japanese relations accept never been actual good, and abnormally at the time of the Japanese aggression of Manchuria, apropos to the Chinese origins of karate was advised politically incorrect.[17]

    In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was accustomed as a Japanese aggressive art by the Japanese Aggressive Arts Committee accustomed as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was accounting as "唐手" (Chinese hand). But in 1935, the masters of the assorted styles of Okinawan karate conferred to adjudge a new name for their art. They absitively to alarm their art "karate" accounting in Japanese characters as "空手" (empty hand).[18]

Another nominal development is the accession of dō (道:どう) to the end of the chat karate. Dō is a suffix accepting abundant meanings including road, path, route, and way. It is acclimated in abounding aggressive arts that survived Japan's alteration from feudal ability to avant-garde times. It implies that these arts are not aloof angry systems but accommodate airy elements back answer as disciplines. In this ambience dō is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples accommodate aikido, judo, kyūdō, and kendo. Appropriately karatedō is added than aloof abandoned duke techniques. It is "The Way of the Abandoned Hand".
History
Okinawa
See also: Okinawan aggressive arts
Karate training in advanced of Shuri Castle in Naha (1938)

Karate began as a accustomed angry arrangement accustomed as te (Okinawan: ti) amid the Pechin chic of the Ryukyuans. Afterwards barter relationships were accustomed with the Ming absolutism of China in 1372 by King Satto of Chūzan, some forms of Chinese aggressive arts were alien to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China, decidedly Fujian Province. A ample accumulation of Chinese families confused to Okinawa about 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, breadth they accustomed the association of Kumemura and aggregate their ability of a advanced array of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese aggressive arts. The political absorption of Okinawa by King Shō Hashi in 1429 and the action of banning weapons by King Shō Shin in 1477, afterwards activated in Okinawa afterwards the aggression by the Shimazu association in 1609, are additionally factors that furthered the development of caught action techniques in Okinawa.[2]

There were few academic styles of te, but rather abounding practitioners with their own methods. One actual archetype is the Motobu-ryū academy anesthetized bottomward from the Motobu ancestors by Seikichi Uehara.[19] Aboriginal styles of karate are about ambiguous as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, alleged afterwards the three cities from which they emerged.[18] Each breadth and its agents had accurate kata, techniques, and attempt that acclaimed their bounded adaptation of te from the others.

Members of the Okinawan high classes were beatific to China consistently to abstraction assorted political and applied disciplines. The assimilation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan aggressive arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing acknowledged restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate kata buck a able affinity to the forms begin in Fujian aggressive arts such as Fujian White Crane, Bristles Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; arresting "Gōjūken" in Japanese).[20] Abounding Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may accept originated in and about Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had advised battle and agents (bo) angry in China (according to one legend, beneath the advice of Kosokun, artist of kusanku kata). In 1806 he started teaching a angry art in the burghal of Shuri that he alleged "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Hand." This was the aboriginal accustomed recorded advertence to the art of "Tudi," accounting as 唐手. About the 1820s Sakukawa's best cogent apprentice Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) accomplished a amalgam of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese 少林) styles.[citation needed] Matsumura's appearance would afterwards become the Shōrin-ryū style.
Ankō Itosu, grandfathering of avant-garde karate

Matsumura accomplished his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) amid others. Itosu acclimatized two forms he had abstruse from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang nan.[21] He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for alpha students. In 1901 Itosu helped to get karate alien into Okinawa's accessible schools. These forms were accomplished to accouchement at the elementary academy level. Itosu's access in karate is broad. The forms he created are accustomed beyond about all styles of karate. His acceptance became some of the best acclaimed karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Motobu Chōki. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfathering of Avant-garde Karate."[22]

In 1881 Higaonna Kanryō alternate from China afterwards years of apprenticeship with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te. One of his acceptance was the architect of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi accomplished such acclaimed karateka as Seko Higa (who additionally accomplished with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a actual abrupt time abreast the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a abecedary claimed by Morio Higaonna).

In accession to the three aboriginal te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan access is that of Kanbun Uechi (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese aggressive conscription. While there he advised beneath Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874-1926).[23] He was a arch amount of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken appearance at that time.[24] He afterwards developed his own appearance of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had advised in China.[25]
Japan
   
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See also: Japanese aggressive arts and Karate in Japan
Masters of karate in Tokyo (c. 1930s), from larboard to right, Kanken Toyama, Hironori Otsuka, Takeshi Shimoda, Gichin Funakoshi, Motobu Chōki, Kenwa Mabuni, Genwa Nakasone, and Shinken Taira

Gichin Funakoshi, architect of Shotokan karate, is about accustomed with accepting alien and affected karate on the capital islands of Japan. In accession abounding Okinawans were actively teaching, and are appropriately additionally amenable for the development of karate on the capital islands. Funakoshi was a apprentice of both Asato Ankō and Itosu Ankō (who had formed to acquaint karate to the Okinawa Prefectural Academy Arrangement in 1902). During this time period, arresting agents who additionally afflicted the advance of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Motobu Chōki, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi. This was a agitated aeon in the history of the region. It includes Japan's addition of the Okinawan island accumulation in 1872, the Aboriginal Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the addition of Korea, and the acceleration of Japanese militarism (1905–1945).

Japan was advancing China at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the art of Tang/China duke would not be accepted; appropriately the change of the art's name to "way of the abandoned hand." The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a aisle to self-knowledge, not aloof a abstraction of the abstruse aspects of fighting. Like best aggressive arts accomplished in Japan, karate fabricated its alteration from -jutsu to -dō about the alpha of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it afar from karate-jutsu, as aikido is acclaimed from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.
Gichin Funakoshi, architect of Shotokan Karate

Funakoshi afflicted the names of abounding kata and the name of the art itself (at atomic on acreage Japan), accomplishing so to get karate accustomed by the Japanese budō alignment Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi additionally gave Japanese names to abounding of the kata. The bristles pinan forms became accustomed as heian, the three naihanchi forms became accustomed as tekki, seisan as hangetsu, Chintō as gankaku, wanshu as enpi, and so on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the agreeable of the forms, although Funakoshi did acquaint some such changes. Funakoshi had accomplished in two of the accustomed branches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Japan he was afflicted by kendo, accumulation some account about break and timing into his style. He consistently referred to what he accomplished as artlessly karate, but in 1936 he congenital a dōjō in Tokyo and the appearance he larboard abaft is usually alleged Shotokan afterwards this dōjō. Shoto, acceptation "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan acceptation "hall".

The addition and approach of karate in Japan additionally included the acceptance of the white compatible that consisted of the bathrobe and the dogi or keikogi—mostly alleged aloof karategi—and black belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and affected by Jigoro Kano, the architect of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to improve karate.

A new anatomy of karate alleged Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was built-in a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is abundantly a amalgam of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a class that emphasizes aliveness, concrete toughness, and abounding acquaintance sparring. Because of its accent on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushin is now about alleged "full acquaintance karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the name for its antagonism rules). Abounding added karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.Practice
See also: Okinawan kobudō and Japanese aggressive arts § Philosophical and cardinal concepts

Karate can be accomplished as an art (budō), cocky aegis or as a action sport. Traditional karate places accent on self-development (budō).[26] Modern Japanese actualization training emphasizes the cerebral elements congenital into a able kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and administration skills. Action karate places accent on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training action in some styles of karate.

Karate training is frequently disconnected into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).
Kihon
Main article: Kihon

Kihon agency basics and these anatomy the abject for aggregate abroad in the actualization including stances, strikes, punches, bliss and blocks. Karate styles abode capricious accent on kihon. About this is training in accord of a address or a aggregate of techniques by a accumulation of karateka. Kihon may additionally be prearranged drills in abate groups or in pairs.
Kata
Main article: Karate kata
Motobu Chōki in Naihanchi-dachi, one of the basal karate stances

Kata (型:かた) agency actually "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized arrangement of movements which represent assorted abhorrent and arresting postures. These postures are based on arcadian action applications. The applications aback activated in a affirmation with absolute opponents is referred to as a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every attitude and movement is used. Bunkai is a advantageous apparatus to accept a kata.

To attain a academic rank the karateka charge authenticate competent achievement of specific appropriate kata for that level. The Japanese analogue for grades or ranks is frequently used. Requirements for examinations alter amid schools.
Kumite
Main article: Kumite

Sparring in Karate is alleged kumite (組手:くみて). It actually agency "meeting of hands." Kumite is accomplished both as a action and as aegis training.

Levels of concrete acquaintance during battle alter considerably. Abounding acquaintance karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses abounding ability techniques to accompany an adversary to the ground. In kickboxing variants (for archetype K-1), the adopted win is by knockout. Battle in armour, bogu kumite, allows abounding ability techniques with some safety. Action kumite in abounding all-embracing antagonism beneath the Apple Karate Alliance is chargeless or structured with ablaze acquaintance or semi acquaintance and credibility are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants accomplish a choreographed alternation of techniques with one arresting while the added blocks. The anatomy ends with one adverse address (hito tsuki).

In chargeless battle (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants accept a chargeless best of scoring techniques. The accustomed techniques and acquaintance akin are primarily bent by action or actualization alignment policy, but ability be adapted according to the age, rank and sex of the participants. Depending aloft style, take-downs, sweeps and in some attenuate cases alike time-limited grappling on the arena are additionally allowed.

Free battle is performed in a apparent or bankrupt area. The bender runs for a anchored time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be chock-full for adjudicator judgment. In ablaze acquaintance or semi acquaintance kumite, credibility are awarded based on the criteria: acceptable form, antic attitude, active application, awareness/zanshin, acceptable timing and actual distance. In abounding acquaintance karate kumite, credibility are based on the after-effects of the impact, rather than the academic actualization of the scoring technique.
Dōjō Kun
Main article: Dōjō kun

In the bushidō attitude dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines administer both in the dōjō (training hall) and in accustomed life.
Conditioning

Okinawan karate uses added training accepted as hojo undo. This utilizes simple accessories fabricated of copse and stone. The makiwara is a arresting post. The nigiri bold is a ample jar acclimated for developing anchor strength. These added contest are advised to access strength, stamina, speed, and beef coordination.[27] Action Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and accent management.[28] All practices alter depending aloft the academy and the teacher.
Sport

Gichin Funakoshi (船越 義珍) said, "There are no contests in karate."[29] In pre–World War II Okinawa, kumite was not allotment of karate training.[30] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted battle afterwards accepting abstruse it in Tokyo.[31]

Karate is disconnected into actualization organizations.[32] These organizations sometimes abet in non-style specific action karate organizations or federations. Examples of action organizations accommodate AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[33] Organizations authority competitions (tournaments) from bounded to all-embracing level. Tournaments are advised to bout associates of opposing schools or styles adjoin one addition in kata, battle and weapons demonstration. They are about afar by age, rank and sex with potentially altered rules or standards based on these factors. The clash may be alone for associates of a accurate actualization (closed) or one in which any aggressive artisan from any actualization may participate aural the rules of the clash (open).

The Apple Karate Alliance (WKF) is the better action karate alignment and is accustomed by the All-embracing Olympic Board (IOC) as actuality amenable for karate antagonism in the Olympic Games.[34] The WKF has developed accepted rules administering all styles. The civic WKF organizations alike with their agnate Civic Olympic Committees.

WKF karate antagonism has two disciplines: battle (kumite) and forms (kata).[35] Competitors may access either as individuals or as allotment of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a console of judges, admitting battle is advised by a arch referee, usually with abettor referees at the ancillary of the battle area. Battle matches are about disconnected by weight, age, gender, and experience.[36]

WKF alone allows associates through one civic organization/federation per country to which clubs may join. The Apple Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)[37] offers altered styles and federations a apple anatomy they may join, afterwards accepting to accommodation their actualization or size. The WUKF accepts added than one alliance or affiliation per country.

Sport organizations use altered antagonism aphorism systems.[32][36][38][39][40] Ablaze acquaintance rules are acclimated by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Abounding acquaintance karate rules acclimated by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and added organizations. Bogu kumite (full acquaintance with careful careful of targets) rules are acclimated in the Apple Koshiki Karate-Do Alliance organization.[41] Shinkaratedo Alliance use battle gloves.[42] Aural the United States, rules may be beneath the administration of accompaniment sports authorities, such as the battle commission.

In August 2016, the All-embracing Olympic Board accustomed karate as an Olympic action alpha at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[43][44]

Karate, although not broadly acclimated in alloyed aggressive arts, has been able for some MMA practitioners.[45][46][47] Assorted styles of karate are accomplished in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi convenance Shotokan;[48] Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre alternation in Kyokushin;[49] and Michelle Waterson holds a atramentous belt in American Chargeless Actualization Karate.[50]
Rank
Karatekas cutting altered atramentous belts
See also: Kyū

In 1924 Gichin Funakoshi, architect of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan arrangement from the judo architect Jigoro Kano[51] appliance a rank arrangement with a bound set of belt colors. Added Okinawan agents additionally adopted this practice. In the Kyū/Dan arrangement the abecedarian grades alpha with a college numbered kyū (e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and advance against a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the college dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones afterwards dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha about abrasion a atramentous belt. Normally, the aboriginal bristles to six dans are accustomed by assay by above dan holders, while the consecutive (7 and up) are honorary, accustomed for appropriate claim and/or age reached. Requirements of rank alter amid styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks accent stance, balance, and coordination. Acceleration and ability are added at college grades.

Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of affirmation of techniques afore a console of examiners. This will alter by school, but testing may accommodate aggregate abstruse at that point, or aloof new information. The affirmation is an appliance for new rank (shinsa) and may accommodate kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).
Philosophy

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is arresting in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, blank is anatomy itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[52] He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to beggarly "to abolition oneself of egocentric and angry thoughts ... for alone with a bright apperception and censor can the practitioner accept the ability which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly apprehensive and evidently gentle." Alone by behaving humbly can one be accessible to Karate's abounding lessons. This is done by alert and actuality acceptant to criticism. He advised address of prime importance. He said that "Karate is appropriately activated alone in those attenuate situations in which one absolutely charge either bottomward addition or be downed by him." Funakoshi did not accede it abnormal for a addict to use Karate in a absolute concrete battle no added than conceivably already in a lifetime. He declared that Karate practitioners charge "never be calmly fatigued into a fight." It is accepted that one draft from a absolute able could beggarly death. It is bright that those who abusage what they accept abstruse accompany abasement aloft themselves. He answer the appearance affection of claimed conviction. In "time of grave accessible crisis, one charge accept the adventuresomeness ... to face a actor and one opponents." He accomplished that averseness is a weakness.[53]
Influence alfresco Japan
Africa

Karate has developed in acceptance in Africa, decidedly in South Africa and Ghana.[54][55][56]
Canada

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese bodies immigrated to the country. Karate was practised agilely afterwards a ample bulk of organization. During the Second Apple War, abounding Japanese-Canadian families were confused to the autogenous of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to abstraction Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese affected beneath Kitigawa. In 1956 afterwards 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958 Otsuka arrive Shintani to accompany his alignment Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to clearly alarm his actualization Wado.[57]

In Canada during this aforementioned time, karate was additionally alien by Masami Tsuruoka who had advised in Japan in the 1940s beneath Tsuyoshi Chitose.[58] In 1954 Tsuruoka accomplished the aboriginal karate antagonism in Canada and laid the foundation for the Civic Karate Association.[58]

In the backward 1950s Shintani confused to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Adviser of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka about answer Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and abreast gave him a kudan affidavit (9th dan), which was appear by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited anniversary added in Japan and Canada several times, the aftermost time in 1980 two years above-mentioned to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May 2000.[57]
Europe

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to advise the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Affiliation (JKA) beatific to Europe four acquiescent adolescent Karate advisers Taiji Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai.[citation needed] Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained consistently a able articulation amid them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, abnormally Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US
France

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with addition of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan forth with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came beneath the access of the JKA.
Italy

Hiroshi Shirai, one of the aboriginal advisers beatific by the JKA to Europe forth with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, confused to Italy in 1965 and bound accustomed a Shotokan ascendancy that spawned several advisers who in their about-face anon advance the actualization all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the best advance aggressive art in Italy afar from Judo. Added styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are present and able-bodied accustomed in Italy, while Shotokan charcoal the best popular.
Korea
See also: Korea beneath Japanese rule

Due to accomplished battle amid Korea and Japan, best conspicuously during the Japanese activity of Korea in the aboriginal 20th century, the access of karate in Korea is a advancing issue.[59] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that abounding of the Korean aggressive arts masters of the 20th aeon were apparent to Japanese karate. Afterwards regaining ability from Japan, abounding Korean aggressive arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had accomplished in karate in Japan as allotment of their aggressive arts training.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean apprentice of Funakoshi, founded the aboriginal aggressive arts academy afterwards the Japanese activity of Korea concluded in 1945, alleged the Chung Do Kwan. Accepting advised beneath Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo University, Lee had congenital taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the aggressive art that he accomplished which he alleged "Tang Soo Do", the Korean adaptation of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).[60] In the mid-1950s, the aggressive arts schools were unified beneath President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo beneath the administration of Choi Hong Hi and a board of Korean masters. Choi, a cogent amount in taekwondo history, had additionally advised karate beneath Funakoshi. Karate additionally provided an important allusive archetypal for the aboriginal founders of taekwondo in the analogue of their art including hyung and the belt baronial system. The aboriginal taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually, aboriginal Korean forms were developed by alone schools and associations. Although the Apple Taekwondo Alliance and All-embracing Taekwon-Do Alliance are the best arresting amid Korean aggressive arts organizations, aroma soo do schools that advise Japanese karate still abide as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his aeon from Funakoshi.
Soviet Union

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev's action of bigger all-embracing relations. The aboriginal Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[61] In 1973, however, the government banned karate—together with all added adopted aggressive arts—endorsing alone the Soviet aggressive art of sambo.[62][63] Failing to abolish these amoral groups, the USSR's Action Board formed the Karate Alliance of USSR in December 1978.[64] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Alliance was disbanded and all karate became actionable again. In 1989, karate convenance became acknowledged again, but beneath austere government regulations, alone afterwards the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did absolute karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and civic tournaments in accurate styles began.[65][66]
United Kingdom
Main article: Karate in the United Kingdom

Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo adviser who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe alien Karate to England in 1956, accepting abounding classes in Henry Plée's Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a adept of assorted Japanese aggressive arts, who had advised Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, appropriately the Yoseikan actualization was heavily afflicted by Shotokan.[67] Bell began teaching in the tennis courts of his parents' aback garden in Ilford, Essex and his accumulation was to become the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate best of Indo China", was arrive to advise by Bell at Maybush Road, but the aboriginal adviser from Japan was Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan beneath Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who accustomed in England in July 1959.[67] In 1959 Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool annex of the British Karate Federation, which was clearly recognised in 1961. The Liverpool annex was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street afore relocating to the YMCA in Everton area it became accepted as the Red Triangle. One of the aboriginal associates of this annex was Andy Sherry who had ahead advised Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961 Edward Ainsworth, addition blackbelt Judoka, set up the aboriginal Karate abstraction accumulation in Ayrshire, Scotland accepting abounding Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.[67]

Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack catholic to Japan and advised beneath Masatoshi Nakayama of the Japan Karate Affiliation who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.[67] Shotokai Karate was alien to England in 1963 by addition of Gichin Funakoshi's students, Mitsusuke Harada.[67] Alfresco of the Shotokan abiding of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was additionally an aboriginal adopted actualization in the UK, alien by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the aboriginal acceptance of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan clearly came to the UK. Bell had been agnate with the JKA in Tokyo allurement for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan accepting allegedly learnt that Murakami was not a appointed adumbrative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and afterwards administration a allocation on Bell, ratified his atramentous belt on 5 February 1964, admitting he had to abandon his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a appearance from JKA advisers and the abutting year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the aboriginal JKA audience at Kensington Town Anteroom on 21 April 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda backward and Murakami larboard (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai beneath Harada).[67]

In 1966, associates of the above British Karate Alliance accustomed the Karate Union of Great Britain (KUGB) beneath Hirokazu Kanazawa as arch instructor[68] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at the aforementioned time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa larboard the UK afterwards 3 years and Enoeda took over. Afterwards Enoeda's afterlife in 2003, the KUGB adopted Andy Sherry as Arch Instructor. Shortly afterwards this, a new affiliation breach off from KUGB, JKA England. An beforehand cogent breach from the KUGB took abode in 1991 aback a accumulation led by KUGB arch adviser Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this accumulation was to chase the article of Taiji Kase, aforetime the JKA arch adviser in Europe, who forth with Hiroshi Shirai created the Apple Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 in adjustment to accompany the teaching of "Budo" karate as against to what he beheld as "sport karate". Kase approved to acknowledgment the convenance of Shotokan Karate to its aggressive roots, reintroducing amidst added things accessible duke and throwing techniques that had been ancillary lined as the aftereffect of antagonism rules alien by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) afterwards Kase's afterlife in 2004) abide afterward this aisle today. In 1975 Great Britain became the aboriginal aggregation anytime to booty the Apple macho aggregation appellation from Japan afterwards actuality defeated the antecedent year in the final.
United States
Main article: Karate in the United States

After Apple War II, associates of the United States aggressive abstruse karate in Okinawa or Japan and again opened schools in the US. In 1945 Robert Trias opened the aboriginal dōjō in the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.[69] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US.

Tsutomu Ohshima began belief karate beneath Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a apprentice at Waseda University, alpha in 1948. In 1957 Ohshima accustomed his godan (fifth amount atramentous belt), the accomplished rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the aboriginal university karate club in the United States at California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1959 he founded the Southern California Karate Affiliation (SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi (son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael G. Foster and Pat Burleson began teaching aggressive arts about the country.[70]

In 1961 Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan Karate Affiliation (JKA) and apprentice of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the All-embracing Traditional Karate Alliance (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was beatific to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the All-embracing Karate Affiliation from Tokyo to California.
In blur and accepted culture

Karate advance rapidly in the West through accepted culture. In 1950s accepted fiction, karate was at times declared to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was aboveboard to appearance Western experts of caught action as blind of Eastern aggressive arts of this kind.[71] Afterward the admittance of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, there was growing boilerplate Western absorption in Japanese aggressive arts, decidedly karate, during the 1960s.[72] By the 1970s, aggressive arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a boilerplate brand and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and added Asian aggressive arts into accumulation popularity. However, boilerplate Western audiences at the time about did not analyze amid altered Asian aggressive arts such as karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[45]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Allotment II (1986), The Karate Kid, Allotment III (1989) and The Abutting Karate Kid (1994) are films apropos the fabulous adventure of an American adolescent's addition into karate.[73][74] The success of The Karate Kid added affected karate (as against to Asian aggressive arts added generally) in boilerplate American accepted culture.[45] Karate Kommandos is an activated children's show, with Chuck Norris actualization to acknowledge the moral acquaint independent in every episode.
Film stars and their styles Practitioner     Fighting style
Sonny Chiba     Kyokushin[75]
Sean Connery     Kyokushin[76]
Hiroyuki Sanada     Kyokushin[77]
Dolph Lundgren     Kyokushin[78]
Michael Jai White     Kyokushin[79]
Yasuaki Kurata     Shito-ryu[80]
Fumio Demura     Shitō-ryū[81]
Don "The Dragon" Wilson     Gōjū-ryu[82]
Richard Norton     Gōjū-ryu[83]
Yukari Oshima     Gōjū-ryu[84][85]
Leung Siu-Lung     Gōjū-ryu[86]
Wesley Snipes     Shotokan[87]
Jean-Claude Van Damme     Shotokan[88]
Jim Kelly     Shōrin-ryū[89]
Joe Lewis     Shōrin-ryū[90]
Tadashi Yamashita     Shōrin-ryū[91]
Matt Mullins     Shōrei-ryū[92]
Sho Kosugi     Shindō jinen-ryū[93]
Weng Weng     Undetermined[94]

Many added blur stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li appear from a ambit of added aggressive arts.