Marker Pen

A cast pen, fineliner, appearance pen, felt-tip pen, breeze marker, active (in New Zealand), texta (in Australia), account pen (in South Asia) or koki (in South Africa), is a pen which has its own ink antecedent and a tip fabricated of porous, apprenticed fibers such as felt.[1] A abiding cast consists of a alembic (glass, aluminum or plastic) and a amount of an absorptive material. This bushing serves as a carrier for the ink. The high allotment of the cast contains the nib that was fabricated in beforehand times of a adamantine acquainted material, and a cap to anticipate the cast from dehydration out. Until the aboriginal 1990s, the best accepted solvents that were acclimated for the ink were toluene and xylene. These two substances are both adverse and characterized by a actual able smell. Today, the ink is usually fabricated on the base of alcohols (e.g. 1-Propanol, 1-butanol, diacetone booze and cresols). Markers may be waterproof, dry-erase, wet-erase (e.g. accuracy markers), or permanent.
History

Lee Newman patented a felt-tipped appearance pen in 1910.[2] In 1926, Benjamin Paskach patented a "fountain paintbrush",[3] as he alleged it, which consisted of a sponge-tipped handle absolute assorted acrylic colors. Markers of this array began to be affected with the auction of Sidney Rosenthal's Magic Cast (1953), which consisted of a bottle tube of ink with a acquainted wick. By 1958, use of felt-tipped markers was commonplace for a array of applications such as lettering, labeling, and creating posters.[4] The year 1962 brought the development of the avant-garde fiber-tipped pen (in adverse to the marker, which about has a thicker point) by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company (which afterwards became Pentel). In 1993 the Copic Account markers were released, popularising markers for able illustration.
Parts

The cast reservoir, which holds the ink, is formed from polyester. The "felt" acclimated for the tip is usually fabricated of awful aeroembolism constructed fibers or absorptive ceramics. Toluol and xylol were acclimated as solvents for the dye and are still acclimated for the enduring ink in abiding markers. Due to their toxicity, they accept about been replaced with beneath analytical substances such as alkyl or circadian alkylene carbonates (like propylene carbonate) in added types of markers. Baptize agreeable of the ink can be up to 10%. Besides solvents and the dye itself, the ink may accommodate additives (e.g. nonylphenylpolyglycol ether, alkylpoly-glycol ether, blubbery acerbic polyglycol ester, or blubbery booze ethoxalates) and preservatives (e.g. 2-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt, 6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane).[5][6][7]
Types
Permanent marker

Permanent markers are absorptive pens that can address on surfaces such as glass, plastic, wood, metal, and stone. The marks fabricated by such pens are however, not abiding on some plastics like Teflon, polypropylene etc., and can be asleep easily. The ink is about aggressive to abrading and water, and can aftermost for abounding years. Depending on the apparent and the cast used, however, the marks can about be removed with either active ablution or chemicals such as acetone. They are awful admired by colorists and artists about the world.[8]
Highlighters

Highlighters are a anatomy of cast acclimated to highlight and awning over absolute autograph while still abrogation the autograph readable. They are about produced in neon colours to acquiesce for colour coding, as able-bodied as allure buyers to them.
Whiteboard markers
Whiteboard cast on a clapperboard

A whiteboard marker, or a dry-erase cast in some locations, uses an erasable ink, fabricated to be acclimated on a glossy (or matte-finished), non-porous autograph surface, for acting autograph with aerial projectors, whiteboards, and the like. They are advised so that the user is able to calmly abolish the marks application either a clammy cloth, tissue, handkerchief, babyish wipe, or added calmly bankrupt or disposable items. Generally, bodies use fabrics to do so, but others use items like paper, accouterment items, some alike use their bald easily to clean it clear. The erasable ink does not accommodate the baneful actinic compounds xylene and/or toluene as accept been acclimated in abiding markers, actuality beneath of a accident to actuality acclimated as a recreational drug.

Wet-wipe markers are addition adaptation that are acclimated on aerial projectors, signboards, whiteboards, and added non-porous surfaces.
Security marker

Special "security" markers, with beaming but contrarily airy inks, are acclimated for appearance backing in case of burglary. The buyer of a stolen, but recovered account can be bent by application ultraviolet ablaze to accomplish the autograph visible.
Election marker

Marker pens with acclamation ink (an enduring dye and about a photosensitive abettor such as argent nitrate) acclimated to mark the finger, and abnormally the cuticle, of voters in elections in adjustment to anticipate balloter artifice such as bifold voting. The stain stays arresting for a anniversary or two and may additionally be acclimated to abetment in vaccinations.
Porous point pen

A absorptive point pen contains a point that is fabricated of some absorptive actual such as acquainted or ceramic. Draftsman's pens usually accept a bowl tip back this wears able-bodied and does not augment back burden is activated while writing.
Dialectal variations

The use of the agreement "marker" and "felt-tipped pen" varies decidedly amid altered genitalia of the world. This is because best English dialects accommodate words for accurate types of marker, about all-encompassing cast names, but there are no such agreement in boundless all-embracing use.
Asia

In some genitalia of India, water-based felt-tip pens are referred to as "sketch pens" because they are mainly acclimated for abstraction and autograph on agenda or cardboard. The abiding ink felt-tip markers are referred to as aloof "markers". In Malaysia and Singapore, cast pens are artlessly alleged markers. In the Philippines, a cast is frequently referred to as a "Pentel pen", behindhand of brand. In Indonesia, a cast pen is referred to as "Spidol". In South Korea and Japan, cast pens are referred to as "sign pens", "name pens", or "felt pens". In Japan, abiding pens are additionally referred to as "Magic" (from a acclaimed pen cast name). In Iran, felt-tip pens are referred to as "Magic" or "Highlight" behindhand of its brand.
Australia

In Australia, the appellation "marker" usually refers alone to large-tip markers, and the agreement "felt-tip" and "felt pen" usually accredit alone to fine-tip markers. Markers in Australia are about generically alleged "texta", afterwards a cast name of a blazon of abiding marker. Some aberration in allotment assemblage occurs amid the states, for archetype in Queensland the cast name "nikko" has been frequently adopted.
New Zealand

The all-encompassing agreement for fine-tipped markers are usually "felt pen" or "felts". Large abiding markers are alleged 'vivids' afterwards a accepted cast awash there, the Bic Stephens Vivid
South Africa

In South Africa, the appellation "Koki" is acclimated for both acquainted pens and markers, by South Africans, as able-bodied as the accepted "marker".
Canada and United States
In the United States, the chat "marker" is acclimated as able-bodied as "magic marker", the closing actuality a genericized trademark. The chat "sharpie" is additionally now acclimated as a genericized trademark; Sharpie is a accepted cast of abiding markers acclimated for labeling. Markers are additionally sometimes referred to as felt-pens or felts in some genitalia of Canada.