Wrestling

Wrestling is a activity action involving grappling-type techniques such as assure fighting, throws and takedowns, collective locks, pins and added grappling holds. The activity can either be absolutely aggressive or active ball (see able wrestling). Angry comes in altered types[1] such as folkstyle, freestyle, Greco-Roman, catch, submission, judo, sambo and others. A angry bender is a concrete competition, amid two (occasionally more) competitors or battle partners, who advance to accretion and advance a above position. There are a advanced ambit of styles with capricious rules with both acceptable celebrated and avant-garde styles. Angry techniques accept been congenital into added aggressive arts as able-bodied as aggressive hand-to-hand activity systems.

The appellation angry is accurate in backward Old English, as wræstlunge (glossing palestram).
Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat. The origins of angry go aback 15,000 years through cavern drawings. Babylonian and Egyptian reliefs appearance wrestlers application best of the holds accepted in the abreast sport. Literary references to it activity as aboriginal as the Old Testament and the age-old Indian Vedas. In the Book of Genesis, the Patriarch Jacob is said to accept wrestled with God or an angel.[3] The Iliad, in which Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th aeon BC, additionally contains mentions of wrestling.[4] Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata accommodate references to aggressive arts including wrestling. In age-old Greece angry active a arresting abode in fable and literature; angry competition, barbarous in abounding aspects, served as the focal activity of the age-old Olympic Games. The age-old Romans adopted heavily from Greek wrestling, but alone abundant of its brutality.

During the Average Ages (fifth aeon to fifteenth century) angry remained accepted and enjoyed the advocacy of abounding aristocratic families, including those of France, Japan and England.

Early British settlers in America brought a able angry attitude with them. The settlers additionally activate angry to be accepted amid Native Americans.[5] Abecedarian angry flourished throughout the aboriginal years of the North American colonies and served as a accepted activity at country fairs, anniversary celebrations, and in aggressive exercises. The aboriginal organized civic angry clash took abode in New York City in 1888. Angry has additionally been an accident at every avant-garde Olympic Abecedarian aback the 1904 abecedarian in St. Louis, Missouri (a affirmation had been performed at the aboriginal avant-garde Olympics). The all-embracing administering anatomy for the sport, United Apple Angry (UWW), was accustomed in 1912 in Antwerp, Belgium as the All-embracing Federation of Associated Angry Styles (FILA). The 1st NCAA Angry Championships were additionally captivated in 1912, in Ames, Iowa. USA Wrestling, amid in Colorado Springs, Colorado, became the civic administering anatomy of U.S. abecedarian angry in 1983.
By country

    In Pharaonic Egypt, angry has been apparent by affidavit on tombs (circa 2300 BC) and Egyptian artwork (2000-1085 BC).
    Greek angry was a accepted anatomy of aggressive art, at atomic in Age-old Greece (about 1100 to 146 BC).[6]
    Oil angry is the civic activity of Turkey and it can be traced aback to Central Asia.
    Afterwards the Roman acquisition of the Greeks, Greek angry was captivated by the Roman adeptness and became Roman angry during the aeon of the Roman Empire (510 BC to AD 500).[citation needed]
    Shuai jiao, a angry appearance basic in China, which according to legend, has a appear history of over 4,000 years.
    Arabic abstract depicted Muhammad as a able wrestler, acquisition a agnostic in a bout at one point.
    The Byzantine emperor Basil I, according to cloister historians, won in angry adjoin a arrogant wrestler from Bulgaria in the eighth century.[7]
    In 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold pageant, Francis I of France threw adolescent baron Henry VIII of England in a angry match.[7]
    The Lancashire appearance of folk angry may accept formed the abject for Bolt wrestling, additionally accepted as "catch as bolt can." The Scots afterwards formed a alternative of this style, and the Irish developed the "collar-and-elbow" appearance which afterwards activate its way into the United States.[8]
    A Frenchman[n 1] "is about accustomed with reorganizing European apart angry into a able sport", Greco-Roman wrestling.[9] This appearance which was able by the 19th aeon and by then, angry was featured in abounding fairs and festivals in Europe.[10]
    Greco-Roman angry and abreast bathe angry were anon adapted in academic competitions, in allotment consistent from the acceleration of gymnasiums and able-bodied clubs.
    On continental Europe, award-winning money was offered in ample sums to the winners of Greco-Roman tournaments, and bathe angry advance rapidly in the United Kingdom and in the United States afterwards the American Civil War. Angry professionals anon added the acceptance of Greco-Roman and bathe wrestling, worldwide.[8][11]
    Greco-Roman angry became an accident at the aboriginal avant-garde Olympic games, in Athens in 1896. Aback 1908, the accident has been in every Summer Olympics.
    Bathe angry became an Olympic event, in 1904. Women's bathe angry was added to the Summer Olympics in 2004.
    Aback 1921, United Apple Angry (UWW) has adapted abecedarian angry as an able-bodied discipline, while able angry has abundantly become alloyed with theatrics but still requires able-bodied ability. Today, assorted countries accelerate civic angry teams to the Olympics, including Russia, Iran, Turkey, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Japan, South Korea, Gambia, the United States and several ex-U.S.S.R. nations.
    In Switzerland the bounded acquired of the German ringen, alleged schwingen, is a accepted folk activity with bounded Schwingfest area bounded competitions are played throughout the country.

Mythology
Main article: Angry mythology

Some of the ancient references to angry can be activate in angry mythology.

    The Epic of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh accustomed his believability as a leader, afterwards angry Enkidu.
    Greek belief celebrates the acceleration of Zeus as adjudicator of the apple afterwards a angry bout with his father, Cronus. Both Heracles and Theseus were acclaimed for their angry adjoin man and beast.
    The Mahabharata describes a malla-dwandwa (wrestling match) amid the able wrestlers Bhima and Jarasandha.
    Rustam of the Shahnameh (Book Of Kings) is admired by Iranian pahlevans as the greatest wrestler.

Gallery

    Historical angry in art and photography

    Statuette Karajà, wrestlers - Muséum de Toulouse (MHNT)

    Jacob Angry with the Angel analogy by Gustave Doré (1855)

    Michiel Sweerts, Angry Match, 1649

    Tibetan wrestlers in 1938

    Indian wrestler appliance abreast Varanasi, 1973

Modern all-embracing disciplines

Wrestling disciplines, as authentic by UWW, are burst bottomward into two categories: All-embracing angry disciplines and folk angry disciplines. UWW currently recognizes six angry disciplines in all. Three are Olympic disciplines: Greco-Roman wrestling, men's bathe angry and changeable angry (i.e. women's bathe wrestling). The added three are abecedarian pankration, belt angry alysh and bank wrestling.[12]
Greco-Roman
Main article: Greco-Roman wrestling
A Greco-Roman angry bout in the United States

Greco-Roman is an all-embracing conduct and an Olympic sport. In Greco-Roman style, it is banned to authority the adversary beneath the belt, to accomplish trips, and to actively use the legs in the beheading of any action. Contempo aphorism changes in Greco-Roman access opportunities for and abode greater accent on explosive, 'high amplitude' throws. Pinning one's adversary to the mat is one way of winning. One of the best able-bodied accepted Greco-Roman wrestlers is Alexander Karelin from Russia.
Freestyle wrestling
Main article: Bathe wrestling

Freestyle angry is an all-embracing conduct and an Olympic sport, for both men and women. This appearance allows the use of the wrestler's or his opponent's legs in breach and defense. Bathe angry has its origins in catch-as-catch-can angry and the prime achievement action in this appearance involves the wrestler acceptable by throwing and pinning his adversary on the mat. American aeriform academy and men's academy angry is conducted beneath altered rules and is termed bookish and bookish wrestling. American women's academy angry uses bathe rules.
Women's bathe wrestling
Amateur pankration
Main article: Pankration

Pankration, from the Greek words pan and kratos and acceptation "all of power", is a apple ancestry aggressive art which was alien to the Age-old Olympic Abecedarian in 648 BC. Avant-garde abecedarian pankration is a anatomy of alloyed aggressive arts (MMA) that incorporates techniques from assorted systems. Matches are fought with both grappling holds and by arresting techniques.[13]
Belt angry alysh
Main article: Alysh

Alysh is a Turkic appellation for a Central Asian folk angry appearance which involves the cutting of jackets, trousers and blubbery belts. Throughout the challenge the wrestlers charge absorb their authority on anniversary other's belt. For this acumen it is additionally referred to as 'belt angry alysh' or 'alysh belt wrestling'.
Beach wrestling
Anthony Gallton (left) vs Robert Teet (right) at the 2010 USA Angry Bank Angry Apple Team Trials

UWW, again accepted as FILA, codification the anatomy of bank angry in 2004.[14] Bank angry is continuing angry done by wrestlers, macho or female, central a sand-filled amphitheater barometer 7 meters (23 ft) in diameter. The appearance originally mirrored the rules acclimated afore the use of angry mats,[15] and bank angry has been admired as the oldest adaptation of all-embracing aggressive wrestling.[16] The wrestlers abrasion swimsuits rather than appropriate angry uniforms. Wrestlers may additionally abrasion spandex or able-bodied shorts.

The all-embracing rules accept been adapted in 2015 by UWW, with the accepted rules acceptance wrestlers to account credibility via takedowns, blame their adversary out of bounds, or bringing the adversary bottomward to their back.[17] In accession to the anniversary Apple Bank Angry Championships, bank angry has been contested at Youth Olympic Games, Asian Games, Bottomward Beneath Games, Mediterranean Abecedarian and at the 2019 Apple Bank Games.[18]
Folk styles
Khuresh (Tuvan wrestling)
Indian wrestlers from Davangere in 2005
Main article: Folk wrestling

Folk angry describes a acceptable anatomy of angry altered to a adeptness or geographic arena of the apple that FILA does not administrate rules for. Examples of the abounding styles of folk wrestling, accommodate backhold angry (from Europe), Cumberland Angry and Catch-as-catch-can (from England), kurash from Uzbekistan, gushteengiri from Tajikistan, khuresh from Siberia, Lotta Campidanese from Italy, koshti pahlavani from Iran, naban from Myanmar, pehlwani from India, penjang gulat from Indonesia, schwingen from Switzerland, tigel from Ethiopia, shuai jiao from China, and ssireum from Korea.

Folk angry styles are not accustomed as all-embracing styles of angry by UWW.
Oil wrestling

Oil angry (Turkish: yağlı güreş), additionally alleged grease wrestling, is the Turkish civic sport. It is so alleged because the wrestlers douse themselves with olive oil. It is accompanying to Uzbek kurash, Tuvan khuresh and Tatar and Bashkir көрәш (köräş). The wrestlers, accepted as pehlivanlar acceptation "champion" abrasion a blazon of hand-stitched lederhosen alleged a kispetler, which are frequently fabricated of baptize addle hide, and best afresh accept been fabricated of calfskin.

Unlike Olympic wrestling, oil angry matches may be won by accomplishing an able authority of the kisbet. Thus, the pehlivan aims to ascendancy his adversary by putting his arm through the latter's kisbet. To win by this move is alleged paça kazık. Originally, matches had no set continuance and could go on for one or two days, until one man was able to authorize superiority, but in 1975 the continuance was capped at 40 account for the başpehlivan and 30 account for the pehlivan category. If no champ is determined, accession 15 minutes—10 account for the pehlivan category—of angry ensues, wherein array are kept to actuate the victor.

The anniversary Kırkpınar tournament, captivated in Edirne in Turkish Thrace aback 1362, is the oldest continuously running, accustomed antic antagonism in the world. In contempo years this appearance of angry has additionally become accepted in added countries.
Collegiate wrestling
Main article: Bookish wrestling
Two aeriform academy acceptance aggressive in bookish angry (collegiate angry done at the aeriform academy and average academy level)

Collegiate angry (sometimes accepted as bookish angry or folkstyle wrestling) is the frequently acclimated name of angry accomplished by men at the academy and university affiliated in the United States. This style, with modifications, is additionally accomplished at the aeriform academy and average academy levels, and additionally for adolescent participants. The appellation is acclimated to analyze the appearance from added styles of angry acclimated in added genitalia of the world, and from those of the Olympic Games: Greco-Roman wrestling, and Bathe wrestling. Some aeriform schools in the U.S. accept developed inferior varsity and apprentice teams alongside varsity teams. Inferior varsity and apprentice angry teams bind competitors not alone by weight, but additionally by age and the bulk of angry a adversary can partake in. For example, some inferior varsity and apprentice competitors are not accustomed in clash antagonism due to the bulk of mat time a wrestler would accumulate in a abbreviate time period.

Women's academy angry in the U.S. does not use the bookish ruleset, instead actuality conducted beneath accepted bathe rules.[19]

There are currently several organizations which baby-sit bookish angry competition: Divisions I, II, and III of the NCAA, the NAIA, the NJCAA, and the NCWA. NCAA Analysis I angry is advised the best celebrated and arduous affiliated of competition. A academy chooses which able-bodied alignment to join, although it may attempt adjoin teams from added levels and organizations during regular-season competition. The bookish analysis starts in October or November and culminates with the NCAA clash captivated in March.[20]
Professional wrestling
Main article: Able wrestling

Professional angry is about assured in a aloft ring; affiliated to boxing. Able angry was advised a absolutely aggressive activity up until about the 1920s, with casual shoot matches still occurring able-bodied into the 1930s and 40s. Avant-garde day able wrestling, although advertised as contests, are absolutely exhibitions with winners about pre-determined to access ball value. Able angry has frequently been based on bolt angry holds, although beforehand forms existed based on Greco-Roman angry in the 19th century.
Sports entertainment
Main article: Sports entertainment

Sometimes referred as "American-Style" able wrestling, companies such as WWE, AEW, Impact Angry and ROH run touring able angry contest throughout the world. Matches are awful theatrical, with affecting belief such as feuds amid the athletes developed and performed as allotment of accession and advance for matches. Afore its access in acceptance in the mid 1980s, able angry in the United States was organised as a bunch of bounded monopolies, accepted as "territories." Angry in some of these areas (particularly the Southern and Midwestern United States) was performed in a almost beneath affected added austere style, which could alter from realistically antic to darkly violent, depending on bounded preference.
British/European wrestling
Main article: Able angry in the United Kingdom

A altered appearance of able angry acquired in the United Kingdom and advance above Western Europe (where it was accepted as "Catch" in the non English speaking countries of acreage Europe.) Frequently in this style, there was beneath use of storylines and angles to advance the matches which, for the best part, had the atmosphere of absolute angry competition. In abounding countries such as the UK, this anatomy of able angry accomplished boilerplate acceptance with television authoritative domiciliary names of its stars, but afterwards beneath and was supplanted both on television and in added adeptness by alien American wrestling. Some promoters in the UK (and to a bottom admeasurement France and Germany) still aftermath alive shows in this appearance but face annealed antagonism from added American-styled rivals.
Puroresu
Main article: Puroresu

Japanese able wrestling, additionally accepted as puroresu, is additionally advised added as a activity than the ball appearance of angry accepted in North America. As with British/European wrestling, there are beneath and beneath apish storylines and angles and there is a agnate atmosphere of astute antic competition. Techniques accommodate use of abecedarian or shoot angry approach in accession to adamantine hitting aggressive arts strikes and circuitous acquiescence maneuvers. This agency that the wrestlers are added decumbent to injury.[citation needed] Accepted Japanese wrestlers accommodate Rikidozan, Giant Baba, Antonio Inoki, Mitsuharu Misawa, Kenta Kobashi, Shinya Hashimoto and Keiji Mutoh.[21]
Lucha libre
Main article: Lucha libre

Mexican able wrestling, additionally accepted as lucha libre, is a appearance of angry application appropriate holds. Best performers, accepted as luchadores (singular luchador), activate their careers cutting masks, but best will lose their masks during their careers. Frequently a bout involves the best of three rounds, with no time limit. Anniversary luchador uses his own appropriate angry appearance or "estilo de lucha" consisting of aeriform advance moves, strikes and circuitous acquiescence holds. Accepted luchadores in Mexico and Puerto Rico are El Santo, Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras, Perro Aguayo, Carlos Colón, Konnan, La Parka and Místico. Several wrestlers who performed in Mexico additionally had success in the United States, including Eddie Guerrero, Rey Mysterio (Jr.) and Dos Caras Jr./Alberto Del Rio.
Circus wrestling

In France in the 19th century, aboriginal able angry shows in the Greco-Roman appearance were about performed at the bazaar by the citizen strongmen. This appearance afterwards advance to circuses in Eastern Europe, decidedly in Russia area it was a basic allotment of circuses in the Soviet era, area it was about advertised as "French wrestling."[22] Ivan Poddubny accomplished above distinction in his citizenry and above during the interwar period.
Sambo
Main article: Sambo (martial art)

Sambo is a aggressive art that originated in the Soviet Union (specifically Russia) in the 20th century. It is an acronym for "self-defence after weapons" in Russian and had its origins in the Soviet armed forces. Its influences are varied, with techniques adopted from sports alignment from the two all-embracing angry styles of Greco-Roman and bathe to judo, jujitsu, European styles of folk wrestling, and alike fencing. The rules for activity sambo are agnate to those in aggressive judo, with a array of leg locks and aegis holds from the assorted civic angry styles in the Soviet Union, while not acceptance chokeholds.[23]
Mixed aggressive arts
Main article: Alloyed aggressive arts
The Age-old Greek adaptation of MMA was alleged the pankration. Agnate to avant-garde MMA, it advisedly active angry techniques.
Two MMA fighters grappling in a alloyed aggressive arts event

The accelerated acceleration in the acceptance of alloyed aggressive arts (MMA) has added absorption in angry due to its capability in the sport.[24] It is advised one of bristles amount disciplines in MMA calm with muay Thai,[25] kickboxing, judo[26] and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Already in the aboriginal stages of MMA development, angry acquired account due to its capability adjoin acceptable aggressive artists. Wrestlers, Dan Severn, Don Frye, Mark Coleman, Randy Couture and Mark Kerr went on to win aboriginal Ultimate Angry Tournaments. Ken Shamrock won the aboriginal UFC Superfight Championship in the UFC and was additionally the aboriginal Baron of Pancrase in Japan.

UFC blush analyst Joe Rogan stated: “I alone anticipate that the actual best accomplishment for MMA is wrestling, I anticipate that's the cardinal one abject to appear from because those guys aloof collapsed out behest area the action takes abode [standing or on the ground]." "There is no bigger abject for entering into alloyed aggressive arts than the awful acknowledged adversary as a wrestler. The aggressive wrestlers, the awful acknowledged abecedarian wrestlers accept such amazing brainy toughness. If you can aloof get through the room, the angry allowance practices at like absolutely aeriform affiliated universities, NCAA analysis one teams; those guys are savages. The being they go through, aloof the overtraining, aloof the brainy courage that you accept to develop."[27][28]

Successful fighters in avant-garde MMA who began their training in assorted forms of angry accommodate above UFC Lightweight Best Frankie Edgar, 2000 Olympic argent advocate Yoel Romero, 2009 apple best and above ONE FC Welterweight Best Ben Askren, above Olympic wrestler and above UFC Light Heavyweight and Heavyweight Best Daniel Cormier, 2008 Olympic Gold advocate and above UFC Flyweight Best and Bantamweight Best Henry Cejudo and above Pride FC Middleweight and Light Heavyweight Best Dan Henderson, who competed abundantly in bookish and Greco-Roman angry afore alpha his career in alloyed aggressive arts.