Java

Java (Indonesian: Jawa, Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈdʒawa]; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese: ᮏᮝ) is an island of Indonesia, belted by the Indian Ocean on the south and the Java Sea on the north. With a citizenry of over 141 actor (Java only) or 145 actor (including the citizenry of its surrounding islands), Java constitutes 56.7 percent of the Indonesian citizenry and is the world's most-populous island.[1] The Indonesian basic city, Jakarta, is on its northwestern coast. Abundant of the acclaimed allotment of Indonesian history took abode on Java. It was the centre of able Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the amount of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was additionally the centermost of the Indonesian attempt for adeptness during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO apple ancestry sites are amid in Java: Ujung Kulon Civic Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Aboriginal Man Site.

Formed mostly as the aftereffect of agitable eruptions from geologic subduction amid the Sunda Plate and Australian Plate, Java is the 13th bigger island in the apple and the fifth bigger in Indonesia by landmass at about 138,800 aboveboard kilometres (53,600 sq mi). A alternation of agitable mountains forms an east–west aback forth the island. Three basic languages are announced on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese, breadth Javanese is the best spoken; it is the built-in accent of about 60 actor Javanese bodies in Indonesia, best of whom alive on Java. Best association are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official accent of Indonesia) as their aboriginal or additional language. While the majority of the bodies of Java are Muslim, Java's citizenry comprises bodies of assorted religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.

Java is disconnected into four authoritative ambit Banten, West Java, Axial Java, and East Java, and two appropriate regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Etymology

The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. One achievability is that the island was alleged afterwards the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be accepted in the island during the time, and that above-mentioned to Indianization the island had adapted names.[2] There are added accessible sources: the chat jaú and its variations beggarly "beyond" or "distant".[3] And, in Sanskrit yava agency barley, a bulb for which the island was famous.[3] "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in India's age-old epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the arch of Rama's army accomplished his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in chase of Sita.[4] It was appropriately referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the age-old Tamil argument Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a commonwealth with a basic alleged Nagapuram.[5][6][7] Accession antecedent states that the chat "Java" is acquired from a Proto-Austronesian basis word, acceptation "home".[8] The abundant island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed about 150 CE in the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to beggarly "barley island", to be affluent in gold, and accept a argent boondocks alleged Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java[9] and seems to be acquired from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).
See also: Zabag commonwealth and al-Wakwak

The anniversary annual of Songshu and Liangshu referred to Java as She-po (5th aeon CE), He-ling (640–818), afresh alleged it She-po afresh until the Yuan absolutism (1271–1368), breadth they began advertence Zhao-Wa (爪哇).[10] According to Ma Huan's book (the Yingya Shenlan), the Chinese alleged Java as Chao-Wa, and the island was alleged 阇婆 (She-pó or She-bó) in the past.[11] Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi mentioned two notable island which afar Arab and China: One is 800 farsakh continued Al-Rami, which is articular as Sumatra, and the added is Zabaj (Arabic: الزابج, Indonesian: Sabak), 400 farsakh in length, articular as Java.[12]:30–31 When John of Marignolli alternate from China to Avignon, he backward at the Commonwealth of Saba for a few months, which he said had abounding elephants and was led by a queen; Saba may be his estimation of She-bó.[13] Afanasij Nikitin, a merchant from Tver (in Russia), travelled to India in 1466 and declared the acreage of java, which he alarm шабайте (shabait/šabajte).[14][15]
Geography
See also: Volcanoes of Java
Mount Bromo in East Java

Java lies amid Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north, and Christmas Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th bigger island. Java is amidst by the Java Sea to the north, Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east.

Java is about absolutely of agitable origin; it contains blaster mountains basic an east–west aback that accept at one time or accession been alive volcanoes. The accomplished abundance in Java is Mount Semeru, 3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The best alive abundance in Java and additionally in Indonesia is Mount Merapi, 2,930 metres (9,610 ft). In total, Java has added than 150 mountains.

Java's mountains and highlands breach the autogenous into a alternation of almost abandoned regions acceptable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice acreage of Java are amid the richest in the world.[16] Java was the aboriginal abode breadth Indonesian coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is developed on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and beyond plantations.
Parahyangan distance abreast Buitenzorg, c. 1865–1872

The breadth of Java is about 150,000 aboveboard kilometres (58,000 sq mi).[16] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) continued and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km continued Solo River.[17] The river rises from its antecedent in axial Java at the Lawu volcano, afresh flows arctic and eastward to its aperture in the Java Sea abreast the burghal of Surabaya. Added aloft rivers are Brantas, Citarum, Cimanuk and Serayu.

The boilerplate temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); boilerplate clamminess is 75%. The arctic littoral plains are commonly hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season. The south bank is about acknowledgment than the north, and distance areas civilian are alike cooler.[18] The wet analysis begins in November and ends in April. During that rain avalanche mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during added genitalia of the year. The wettest months are January and February.

West Java is wetter than East Java, and aerial regions accept abundant college rainfall. The Parahyangan highlands of West Java accept over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the arctic bank of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.
Natural environment
Banteng at Alas Purwo, eastern bend of Java

The accustomed ambiance of Java is abutting rainforest, with ecosystems alignment from littoral mangrove backwoods on the arctic coast, bouldered littoral cliffs on the southern coast, and below abutting backwoods to aerial distance rainforest on the slopes of aerial agitable regions in the interior. The Javan ambiance and altitude gradually alters from west to east; from wet and boiling abutting rainforest in western parts, to a dry savanna ambiance in the east, agnate to the altitude and condensate in these regions.
Male Javan cornball attempt in 1934 in West Java. Today abandoned baby numbers of Javan cornball survive in Ujung Kulon; it is the world's rarest rhino.

Originally Javan wildlife accurate a affluent biodiversity, breadth numbers of age-old breed of flora and fauna flourished; such as the Javan rhinoceros,[19] Javan banteng, Javan warty pig, Javan hawk-eagle, Javan peafowl, Javan ablaze gibbon, Javan lutung, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and Javan leopard. With over 450 bird speciess and 37 age-old species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.[20] There are about 130 freshwater angle breed in Java.[21] There are additionally several age-old amphibian breed in Java, including 5 breed of timberline frogs.

Since age-old times, bodies accept opened the rainforest, adapted the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created rice paddy and terraces to abutment the growing population. Javan rice terraces accept existed for added than a millennium and had accurate age-old agronomical kingdoms. The growing animal citizenry has put astringent burden on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were beneath and bedfast to distance slopes or abandoned peninsulas. Some of Java's age-old breed are now alarmingly endangered, with some already extinct; Java acclimated to accept Javan tigers and Javan elephants, but both accept been rendered extinct. Today, several civic parks abide in Java that assure the debris of its brittle wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri, Bromo Tengger Semeru and Alas Purwo.
Administration
See also: Javanese Public Administration
Java carriage network

Java is disconnected into four ambit and two appropriate regions:

    Banten, capital: Serang
    West Java, capital: Bandung
    Axial Java, capital: Semarang
    East Java, capital: Surabaya
    Appropriate Basic Arena of Jakarta
    Appropriate Arena of Yogyakarta, capital: Yogyakarta

History
Mount Sumbing amidst by rice fields. Java's agitable cartography and affluent agronomical acreage are the axiological factors in its history.

Fossilised charcoal of Homo erectus, bargain accepted as the "Java Man", dating aback 1.7 actor years were begin forth the banks of the Bengawan Solo River.[22]

The island's aberrant abundance and condensate accustomed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which appropriate adult levels of cooperation amid villages. Out of these apple alliances, baby kingdoms developed. The alternation of agitable mountains and associated highlands active the breadth of Java kept its autogenous regions and peoples abstracted and almost isolated.[23] Afore the appearance of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the basic agency of communication, although Java's abounding rivers are mostly short. Abandoned the Brantas and Sala rivers could accommodate long-distance communication, and this way their valleys accurate the centres of aloft kingdoms. A arrangement of roads, abiding bridges and assessment gates is anticipation to accept been accustomed in Java by at atomic the mid-17th century. Bounded admiral could agitate the routes as could the wet analysis and alley use was awful abased on affiliated maintenance. Consequently, advice amid Java's citizenry was difficult.[16]

The actualization of acculturation on the island of Java is about associated with the adventure of Aji Saka from 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the agent of acculturation on Java, the adventure accustomed several objections and rebuttals from added actual sources. Valmiki's Ramayana, fabricated about 500 BC, annal that Java already had a authoritative alignment continued afore the story:

    "Yawadwipa is busy with seven kingdoms, gold and argent islands, affluent in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak."[24](p6)

According to Chinese records, the Javanese commonwealth was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years afore the adventure of Aji Saka began.[25](p55–56)

The adventure of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This adventure has not yet been begin to be accordant in the Old Javanese text. This adventure tells of contest in the Medang Kamulan commonwealth in Java in the past. At that time, the baron of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka. This adventure is advised as an apologue of the access of Indians into Java. Referring to the Liang absolutism information, the Javanese commonwealth was disconnected into two: the pre-Hinduism commonwealth and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in 78 AD.[26](p5 and 7)
Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms era
See also: History of Southeast Asia § Aboriginal actual era
Prambanan Hindu temple
The 9th aeon Borobudur Buddhist stupa in Axial Java

The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the Kalingga Commonwealth beatific embassies to China starting in 640.[27]:53,79 However, the aboriginal aloft belt was the Medang Commonwealth that was founded in axial Java at the alpha of the 8th century. Medang's adoration centred on the Hindu god Shiva, and the commonwealth produced some of Java's age-old Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. About the 8th aeon the Sailendra absolutism rose in Kedu Plain and become the angel of Mahayana Buddhism. This age-old commonwealth congenital monuments such as the 9th aeon Borobudur and Prambanan in axial Java.

Around the 10th aeon the centre of adeptness confused from axial to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly abased on rice agriculture, yet additionally pursued barter aural the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was accustomed by Wijaya,[27]:201 and by the end of the administering of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89) it claimed ascendancy over the absolute Indonesian archipelago, although ascendancy was acceptable bound to Java, Bali and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah Mada, led abounding of the kingdom's territorial conquests.[27]:234 Previous Javanese kingdoms had their adeptness based in agriculture, however, Majapahit took ascendancy of ports and aircraft lanes and became Java's aboriginal bartering empire. With the afterlife of Hayam Wuruk and the advancing of Islam to Indonesia, Majapahit went into decline.[27]:241
Spread of Islam and acceleration of Islamic sultanates

Islam became the antecedent adoration in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and Banten were ascendant. The Mataram Sultanate became the antecedent adeptness of axial and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually baffled such that abandoned Mataram and Banten were larboard to face the Dutch in the 17th century.
Colonial periods
Tea acreage in Java during Dutch colonial period, in or afore 1926

Java's acquaintance with the European colonial admiral began in 1522 with a accord amid the Sunda commonwealth and the Portuguese in Malacca. Afterwards its failure, the Portuguese attendance was bedfast to Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship campaign led by Cornelis de Houtman was the aboriginal Dutch acquaintance with Indonesia.[28] By the end of the 18th aeon the Dutch had continued their access over the sultanates of the autogenous through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia. Internal battle prevented the Javanese from basic able alliances adjoin the Dutch. Debris of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to aphorism with all-powerful ascendancy and the Dutch helped them to bottle debris of a Javanese aristocratic by acknowledging them as regents or commune admiral aural the colonial administration.

Java's aloft role during the aboriginal allotment of the colonial aeon was as a ambassador of rice. In aroma bearing islands like Banda, rice was consistently alien from Java, to accumulation the absence in agency of subsistence.[29]

During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France, as did its antecedents in the East Indies. During the brief Daendels administration, as French proxy aphorism on Java, the architectonics of the Abundant Post Alley was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a aggressive accumulation avenue and was acclimated in arresting Java from British invasion.[30] In 1811, Java was captured by the British, acceptable a control of the British Empire, and Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island's governor. In 1814, Java was alternate to the Dutch beneath the agreement of the Accord of Paris.[31]
Japanese adapt to altercate abandonment agreement with British-allied armament in Java 1945

In 1815, there may accept been bristles actor bodies in Java.[32] In the additional bisected of the 18th century, citizenry spurts began in districts forth the north-central bank of Java, and in the 19th aeon citizenry grew rapidly beyond the island. Factors for the abundant citizenry advance accommodate the appulse of Dutch colonial aphorism including the imposed end to civilian war in Java, the access in the breadth beneath rice cultivation, and the accession of aliment plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain populations that could not allow rice.[33] Others aspect the advance to the taxation burdens and added amplification of application beneath the Agronomics Arrangement to which couples responded by accepting added accouchement in the achievement of accretion their families' adeptness to pay tax and buy goods.[34] Cholera claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.[35]

The appearance of trucks and railways breadth there had ahead abandoned been addle and carts, telegraph systems, and added accommodating administration systems beneath the colonial government all contributed to dearth abolishment in Java, and in turn, citizenry growth. There were no cogent famines in Java from the 1840s through to the Japanese activity in the 1940s.[36] However, added sources claimed the Dutch's Agronomics arrangement is affiliated to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and afresh Axial Java, as banknote crops such as azure and amoroso had to be developed instead of rice.
Independence
Main article: Indonesian Civic Awakening

Indonesian bellicism aboriginal took authority in Java in the aboriginal 20th century, and the attempt to defended the country's adeptness afterward Apple War II was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesian adeptness was recognised.
Demography
Demographic profile
Jakarta, the basic of Indonesia
Historical populationYear    Pop.    ±%
1961    63,059,575    —   
1971    76,086,320    +20.7%
1980     91,269,528    +20.0%
1990     107,581,306    +17.9%
2000     121,352,608    +12.8%
2010     136,610,590    +12.6%
2015     145,013,583    +6.2%
Refers to the authoritative region
Source: [37][38][39]

Java has been commonly bedeviled by an aristocratic class, while the bodies in the lower classes were about complex in agronomics and fishing. The aristocratic chic in Java has acquired over the advance of history, as cultural beachcomber afterwards cultural beachcomber immigrated to the island. There is affirmation that South Asian emigres were amid this elite, as able-bodied as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. Added recently, Chinese immigrants accept additionally become allotment of the bread-and-butter aristocratic of Java. Although politically the Chinese about abide sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the aloft governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Admitting Java is added acceptable added avant-garde and urban, abandoned 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a accepted sight. Unlike the blow of Java, the citizenry advance in Axial Java charcoal low. Axial Java about has a adolescent citizenry than the civic average.[40] The apathetic citizenry advance can in allotment be attributed to the best by abounding bodies to leave the added rural Axial Java for bigger opportunities and college incomes in the bigger cities.[41] Java's citizenry continues to rapidly access admitting abounding Javanese abrogation the island. This is somewhat due to the actuality that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese bodies to its cities. The citizenry advance is best acute in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung, which is reflected through the demographic assortment in those areas.
Population development

With a accumulated citizenry of 145 actor in the 2015, demography (including Madura's 3.7 million),[42] which is estimated for 2014 at 143.1 actor (including 3.7 actor for Madura), Java is the best crawling island in the apple and is home to 57% of Indonesia's population.[42] At over 1,100 bodies per km2 in 2014, it is additionally one of the best densely busy genitalia of the world, on par with Bangladesh. Every arena of the island has abundant volcanoes, with the bodies larboard to allotment the actual adulate land. Because of this, abounding coasts are heavily busy and cities arena about the valleys surrounding agitable peaks.

The citizenry advance amount added than angled in economically depressed Axial Java in the latest 2010–2015 aeon vs 2000–2010, apocalyptic of clearing or added issues; there were cogent agitable eruptions during the beforehand period. Approximately 45% of the citizenry of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,[43] while Sundanese accomplish a ample allocation of Java's citizenry as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an alike college citizenry density, of about 1,500 per aboveboard kilometer and accounts for the lion's allotment of the citizenry advance of Java.[42] It is home to three city areas, Greater Jakarta (with afar areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi), Greater Bandung, and Greater Cirebon.
Province or Appropriate Arena     Capital     Area
km2     Area
%     Population
census of 2000[44]     Population
census of 2010[44]     Population
2015 demography (prelim.)[1]     Population
density in 2015
Banten     Serang     9,662.92     7.1     8,098,277     10,632,166     11,934,373     1,235
DKI Jakarta     –     664.01     0.5     8,361,079     9,607,787     10,154,134     15,292
West Java     Bandung     35,377.76     27.1     35,724,093     43,053,732     46,668,224     1,319
Western Java
(3 areas above)         45,704.69     34.7     52,183,449     63,293,685     68,756,731     1,504
Central Java     Semarang     32,800.69     25.3     31,223,258     32,382,657     33,753,023     1,029
Yogyakarta     Yogyakarta     3,133.15     2.4     3,121,045     3,457,491     3,675,768     1,173
Central Java Region
(2 areas above)         35,933.84     27.7     34,344,303     35,840,148     37,428,791     1,041
East Java     Surabaya     47,799.75     37.3     34,765,993     37,476,757     38,828,061     812
Region Administered as Java     Jakarta     129,438.28     100%     121,293,745     136,610,590     145,013,583     1,120

    Madura Island of East Java

    –     5,025.30     3.3     3,230,300     3,622,763     3,724,545**     741**

    Java Island1)

    –     124,412.98     96.7     118,063,445     132,987,827     141,300,000**     1,136**

1) Added islands are included in this figure, but are actual baby in citizenry and area, Nusa Barung 100 km2, Bawean 196 km2, Karimunjawa 78 km2, Kambangan 121 km2, Panaitan 170 km2, Thousand Islands 8.7 km2 – with a accumulated citizenry of almost 90,000.

2) Acreage breadth of ambit adapted in 2010 Demography figures, areas may be adapted than accomplished results.

3) 2015 Demography battle abstracts appear abandoned aboriginal akin administrations only, breadth not accessible 2014 Min. Health[39] estimates are acclimated in their place.

From the 1970s to the abatement of the Suharto administration in 1998, the Indonesian government ran adventure programs aimed at resettling the citizenry of Java on added less-populated islands of Indonesia. This affairs has met with alloyed results, sometimes causing conflicts amid the locals and the afresh accustomed settlers. Nevertheless, it has acquired Java's allotment of the nation's citizenry to progressively decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, actuality the antecedent metropolis, is additionally home to bodies from all over the nation. East Java is additionally home to aboriginal Balinese, as able-bodied as ample numbers of Madurans due to their celebrated poverty.
Ethnicity and culture
See also: Ability of Indonesia and Music of Java
A jailbait in Java cutting acceptable Javanese attire: blangkon headgear, batik sarong and kris as accessory. 1913

Despite its ample citizenry and in adverse to the added beyond islands of Indonesia, Java is analogously constant in aboriginal composition. Abandoned two aboriginal groups are built-in to the island—the Javanese and Sundanese. A third accumulation is the Madurese, who abide the island of Madura off the northeast bank of Java, and accept immigrated to East Java in ample numbers aback the 18th century.[45] The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese annual for 20% and 10% respectively.[45] The fourth accumulation is the Betawi bodies that allege a accent of Malay, they are the birth of the bodies active about Batavia from about the 17th century. Betawis are creole people, mostly descended from assorted Indonesian archipelago aboriginal groups such as Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Minang, Bugis, Makassar, Ambonese, alloyed with adopted aboriginal groups such as Portuguese, Dutch, Arab, Chinese and Indian brought to or admiring to Batavia to accommodated labour needs. They accept a ability and accent audible from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese.
Sundanese Gamelan players

The Javanese book argument Tantu Pagelaran (circa 15th century) explained the allegorical agent of the island and its agitable nature. Four aloft cultural areas abide on the island: the kejawen or Javanese heartland, the arctic bank of the pasisir region, the Sunda acreage of West Java, and the eastern salient, additionally accepted as Blambangan. Madura makes up a fifth breadth accepting abutting cultural ties with littoral Java.[45] The kejawen Javanese ability is the island's best dominant. Java's actual aristocratic are based here, and it is the arena from breadth the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political aristocratic originate. Its language, arts, and amenities are admired as the island's best aesthetic and exemplary.[45] The area from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia's best abundant and densely busy agronomical land.[45]
Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan, Java.

In the southwestern allotment of Axial Java, which is usually alleged the Banyumasan region, a cultural assortment occurred; bringing calm Javanese ability and Sundanese ability to actualize the Banyumasan culture.[46] In the axial Javanese cloister cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, abreast kings trace their lineages aback to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that disqualified the region, authoritative those places abnormally able repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java accommodate gamelan music and wayang boob shows.

Java was the armpit of abounding affecting kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,[47] and as a result, abounding arcane works accept been accounting by Javanese authors. These accommodate Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the adventure of the drop who usurped his king, and affiliated the queen of the age-old Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a acclaimed abreast Indonesian author, who has accounting abounding accepting based on his own adventures of accepting developed up in Java, and takes abounding elements from Javanese ballad and actual legends.
Languages
Languages announced in Java (Javanese is apparent in white). "Malay" refers to Betawi, the bounded accent as one of Malay creole dialect.

The three aloft languages announced on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Added languages announced accommodate Betawi (a Malay accent bounded to the Jakarta region), Osing, Banyumasan, and Tenggerese (closely accompanying to Javanese), Baduy, Bantenese (closely accompanying to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely accompanying to Madurese), and Balinese.[48] The all-inclusive majority of the citizenry additionally speaks Indonesian, about as a additional language.
Religion
Main article: Adoration in Indonesia

Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a ample ambit of religious belief.

Indian influences came aboriginal with Shaivism and Buddhism biting acutely into society, aggregate with aboriginal attitude and culture.[49] One aqueduct for this were the ascetics, alleged resi, who accomplished mystical practices. A resi lived amidst by students, who took affliction of their master's circadian needs. Resi's authorities were abandoned ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and affiliated Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[49] Baby Hindu enclaves are broadcast throughout Java, but there is a ample Hindu citizenry forth the eastern bank abutting Bali, abnormally about the boondocks of Banyuwangi.

The advancing of Islam, adequate the cachet anatomy of this acceptable religious pattern. Added than 90 percent of the bodies of Java are Muslims, on a ample continuum amid abangan (more traditional) and santri (more modernist). The Muslim academic of the command (Kyai) became the new religious aristocratic as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no bureaucracy of religious leaders nor a academic priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government accustomed an busy rank adjustment for abbey and added Islamic admonition schools. In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the attitude of the resi. Accepting about him provided his needs, alike peasants about the school.[49]

    A Hindu altar committed to Baron Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor.

    Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist abbey abreast Mendut temple, Magelang.

    Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta, body in acceptable Javanese multi-tiered roof.

    Ganjuran Church in Bantul, congenital in acceptable Javanese architecture.

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions accept encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a about structured association of religious leadership, revolving about kyais, possessing assorted degrees of accomplishment in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, accepting and practice.[49] The kyais are the arch intermediaries amid the villages masses and the branch of the supernatural. However, this actual looseneess of kyai administration anatomy has answer schism. There were about aciculate capacity amid accepted kyais, who abandoned instructed in Islamic law, with those who accomplished mysticism and those who approved adapted Islam with avant-garde accurate concepts. As a result, there is a analysis amid santri, who accept that they are added accepted in their Islamic accepting and practice, with abangan, who accept alloyed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a apparent accepting of Islamic belief.[49]

There are additionally Christian communities, mostly in the beyond cities, admitting some rural areas of south-central Java are acerb Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities additionally abide in the aloft cities, primarily amid the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian architecture recognises six official religions.

A added aftereffect of this analysis is the cardinal of sects. In the average of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta appear 63 religious sects in Java added than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Axial Java, 22 in West Java and six in East Java.[49] These accommodate Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their absolute associates is difficult to appraisal as abounding of their adherents analyze themselves with one of the official religions.[50]
Economy
Water addle ploughing rice fields abreast Salatiga, Axial Java

Initially the abridgement of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture. Age-old kingdoms such as the Tarumanagara, Mataram, and Majapahit were abased on rice yields and tax. Java was acclaimed for rice surpluses and rice consign aback age-old times, and rice agronomics contributed to the citizenry advance of the island. Barter with added genitalia of Asia such as age-old India and China flourished as aboriginal as the 4th century, as apparent by Chinese ceramics begin on the island anachronous to that period. Java additionally took allotment in the all-around barter of Maluku aroma from age-old times in the Majapahit era, until able-bodied into the Dutch East India Company (VOC) era.

The VOC set their ballast on Batavia in the 17th aeon and was succeeded by the Dutch East Indies in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch alien the agronomics of bartering plants in Java, such as sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. In the 19th and aboriginal 20th century, Javanese coffee acquired all-around popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a analogue for coffee.
Central Jakarta

Java has been Indonesia's best developed island aback the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the avant-garde Republic of Indonesia. The alley busline networks that accept existed aback age-old times were affiliated and able with the architectonics of Java Abundant Post Alley by Daendels in the aboriginal 19th century. It became the courage of Java's alley basement and laid the abject of Java Arctic Bank Alley (Indonesian: Jalan Pantura, abridgement from "Pantai Utara"). The charge to carriage bartering produces such as coffee from plantations in the autogenous of the island to the harbour on the bank spurred the architectonics of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business, barter and casework flourished in aloft cities of Java, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung; while some acceptable Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon preserved its aristocratic bequest and has become the centre of art, ability and tourism. Industrial estates are additionally growing in towns on arctic bank of Java, abnormally about Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The assessment alley artery networks was congenital and broadcast aback the New Adjustment until the present day, abutting aloft burghal centres and surrounding areas, such as in and about Jakarta and Bandung; additionally the ones in Cirebon, Semarang and Surabaya. In accession to these motorways, Java has 16 civic highways.

Based on the statistical abstracts by the year of 2012 appear by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik), Java abandoned contributes at atomic 57.51% of Indonesia's GDP or agnate to US$504 billion.