Judo

Judo (柔道, jūdō, Japanese pronunciation: [dʑɯꜜːdoː], lit. "gentle way") is about categorized as a avant-garde Japanese aggressive art, which has aback acquired into a action and Olympic sport. The action was created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎) as a physical, mental, and moral apprenticeship in Japan. With its origins advancing from jujutsu, judo's best arresting affection is its aggressive element, breadth the cold is to either bandy or booty bottomward an adversary to the ground, attenuate or contrarily subdue an adversary with a pin, or force an adversary to abide with a collective lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by easily and anxiety as able-bodied as weapons defences are a allotment of judo, but alone in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not accustomed in judo antagonism or chargeless convenance (randori, 乱取り). It was additionally referred to as Kanō Jiu-Jitsu until the accession to the Olympic Games. A judo practitioner is alleged a "judoka", and the judo compatible is alleged "judogi".

The aesthetics and consecutive apprenticeship developed for judo became the archetypal for added avant-garde Japanese aggressive arts that developed from koryū (古流, acceptable schools). Judo additionally spawned a cardinal of acquired aggressive arts beyond the world, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Krav Maga, Sambo and ARB. Judo additionally afflicted added action styles such as close-quarters action (CQC), alloyed aggressive arts (MMA), shoot angry and acquiescence wrestling.
The aboriginal history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and drillmaster Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎, Jigoro Kano, 1860–1938), built-in Shinnosuke Jigorō (新之助 治五郎, Jigorō Shinnosuke). Kano was built-in into a about flush family. His father, Jirosaku, was the added son of the arch priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi altar in Shiga Prefecture. He affiliated Sadako Kano, babe of the buyer of Kiku-Masamune account brewing aggregation and was adopted by the family, alteration his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government.[3]

Jigoro Kano had an bookish accomplishments and, from the age of seven, he advised English, shodō (書道, Japanese calligraphy) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書, Shisho) beneath a cardinal of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The ability of blowing age-old at this academy was the agitator that acquired Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu (柔術, Jujutsu) dōjō (道場, dōjō, training place) at which to train.[4]

Early attempts to acquisition a jujutsu abecedary who was accommodating to booty him on met with little success. With the abatement of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become back-number in an added westernized Japan. Abounding of those who had already accomplished the art had been affected out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had artlessly accustomed up. Nakai Umenari, an associate of Kanō's ancestor and a above soldier, agreed to appearance him kata, but not to advise him. The babysitter of Jirosaku's added house, Katagiri Ryuji, additionally knew jujutsu, but would not advise it as he believed it was no best of activated use. Accession accepted visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流) academy of jujutsu, additionally refused.[5] Several years anesthetized afore he assuredly begin a accommodating teacher.[5]

In 1877, as a apprentice at the Tokyo-Kaisei academy (soon to become allotment of the anew founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano abstruse that abounding jujutsu agents had been affected to accompany accession careers, frequently aperture Seikotsu-in (整骨院, acceptable osteopathy practices).[6] After inquiring at a cardinal of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c. 1828–1880),[7] a abecedary of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流) of jujutsu, who had a baby nine mat dōjō breadth he accomplished bristles students.[8] Fukuda is said to accept emphasized address over academic exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's accent on randori (乱取り, randori, chargeless practice) in judo.

On Fukuda's afterlife in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and best able apprentice in both randori and kata (形, kata, pre-arranged forms), was accustomed the densho (伝書, scrolls) of the Fukuda dōjō.[9] Kano chose to abide his studies at accession Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c. 1820–1881). Iso placed added accent on the convenance of "kata", and entrusted randori apprenticeship to assistants, added to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to abstraction at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流).[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed abundant accent on randori, with Kitō-ryū accepting a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技, throwing techniques).[12]
Founding of the Kodokan
Eisho-ji temple, Tokyo

In February 1882, Kano founded a academy and dōjō at the Eisho-ji (永昌寺), a Buddhist temple in what was again the Shitaya breadth of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno commune of Taitō ward).[13] Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, abounding the dōjō three canicule a anniversary to advice advise and, although two years would canyon afore the temple would be alleged by the name Kōdōkan (講道館, Kodokan, "place for analogue the way"), and Kano had not yet accustomed his Menkyo (免許, affidavit of mastery) in Kitō-ryū, this is now admired as the Kodokan founding.

The Eisho-ji dōjō was originally shoin. It was a about baby affair, consisting of a 12 jo[14] (214 sq ft) training area. Kano took in citizen and non-resident students, the aboriginal two actuality Tomita Tsunejirō and Shiro Saigo.[15] In August, the afterward year, the brace were accepted shodan (初段, aboriginal rank) grades, the aboriginal that had been awarded in any aggressive art.[16]
Judo adjoin jujutsu
Main article: Kodokan–Totsuka rivalry

Central to Kano's eyes for judo were the attempt of seiryoku zen'yō (精力善用, Maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei (自他共栄, alternate abundance and benefit). He illustrated the appliance of seiryoku zen'yō with the abstraction of jū yoku gō o seisu (柔能く剛を制す - 柔能剛制, benevolence controls hardness):
jūdō (柔道, "Judo"), accounting in kanji

    In short, afraid a added able adversary will aftereffect in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and artifice your opponent's advance will account him to lose his balance, his ability will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can administer whatever the about ethics of power, appropriately authoritative it accessible for weaker opponents to exhausted decidedly stronger ones. This is the approach of ju yoku go o seisu.[17]

Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a added abstract application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the added appliance shaped the development of judo from a bujutsu (武術, aggressive art) to a budō (武道, aggressive way). Kano alone techniques that did not accommodate to these attempt and emphasised the accent of ability in the beheading of techniques. He was assertive that convenance of jujutsu while befitting to these ethics was a avenue to self-improvement and the advancement of association in general.[18] He was, however, acutely acquainted of the Japanese public's abrogating acumen of jujutsu:

    At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was about alone by the nation at large. Even if I capital to advise jujitsu best bodies had now chock-full cerebration about it. So I anticipation it bigger to advise beneath a altered name principally because my objectives were abundant added than jujitsu.[19]

Kano believed that "jūjutsu" was bereft to call his art: although jutsu (術) agency "art" or "means", it implies a adjustment consisting of a accumulating of concrete techniques. Accordingly, he afflicted the added appearance to dō (道), acceptation "way", "road" or "path", which implies a added abstract ambience than jutsu and has a accepted agent with the Chinese abstraction of tao. Appropriately Kano renamed it Jūdō (柔道, judo).[20]
Judo waza (techniques)
See also: List of judo techniques and List of Kodokan judo techniques

There are three basal categories of waza (技, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技, throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技, arresting techniques).[21] Judo is mostly accepted for nage-waza and katame-waza.[22]

Judo practitioners about allot a allocation of anniversary convenance affair to ukemi (受け身, break-falls), in adjustment that nage-waza can be accomplished after cogent accident of injury. Several audible types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身, rear breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身, ancillary breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身, avant-garde breakfalls); and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身, rolling breakfalls)[23]

The actuality who performs a Waza is accepted as tori (取り, actually "taker") and the actuality to whom it is performed is accepted as uke (受け, "receiver").[24]
Nage-waza (throwing techniques)

Nage-waza accommodate all techniques in which tori attempts to bandy or cruise uke, usually with the aim of agreement uke on his back. Anniversary address has three audible stages:

    Kuzushi (崩し), the antecedent antithesis break;[25]
    Tsukuri (作り), the act of axis in and applicable into the throw;[26]
    Kake (掛け), the beheading and achievement of the throw.[26]

Nage-waza are about accomplished by the use of uchi-komi (内込), again turning-in, demography the bandy up to the point of kake.[27]

Traditionally, nage-waza are added categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技, continuing techniques), throws that are performed with tori advancement an cocked position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技, cede techniques), throws in which tori sacrifices his cocked position in adjustment to bandy uke.[28]

Tachi-waza are added subdivided into te-waza (手技, duke techniques),[29] in which tori predominantly uses his accoutrements to bandy uke; koshi-waza (腰技, hip techniques)[30] throws that predominantly use a appropriation motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技, bottom and leg techniques),[31] throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[28]
Harai goshi (払腰, across-the-board hip), a koshi-waza
Nage-waza (投げ技)
throwing techniques     Tachi-waza (立ち技)
standing techniques     Te-waza (手技)
hand techniques
Koshi-waza (腰技)
hip techniques
Ashi-waza (足技)
foot and leg techniques
Sutemi-waza (捨身技)
sacrifice techniques     Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技)
rear cede techniques
Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技)
side cede techniques
Katame-waza (grappling techniques)

Katame-waza is added categorised into osaekomi-waza (抑込技, captivation techniques), in which tori accessories and pins uke on his aback on the floor; shime-waza (絞技, beheading techniques), in which tori attempts to force a acquiescence by asthmatic or beheading uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技, collective techniques), in which tori attempts to abide uke by aching abetment of his joints.[32]

A accompanying abstraction is that of ne-waza (寝技, decumbent techniques), in which waza are activated from a non-standing position.[33]

In aggressive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently bound to bend collective manipulation.[34] Abetment and locking of added joints can be begin in assorted kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu.[35]
Juji gatame (十字固, cantankerous lock)(armbar), a kansetsu-waza
Katame-waza (固技)
grappling techniques     Osaekomi-waza (抑込技)
holding or pinning techniques
Shime-waza (絞技)
strangulation techniques
Kansetsu-waza (関節技)
Joint techniques (locks)
Atemi-waza (striking techniques)

Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a bang to a basal point. Atemi-waza are not acceptable alfresco of kata.[36]
Pedagogy
File:Judo-Tokyo-2016-10-1.webmPlay media
Children practicing judo in Tokyo
Randori (free practice)

Judo apprenticeship emphasizes randori (乱取り, actually "taking chaos", but acceptation "free practice"). This appellation covers a array of forms of practice, and the acuteness at which it is agitated out varies depending on absorbed and the akin of ability of the participants. At one extreme, is a adjustable appearance of randori, accepted as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古, prearranged practice), in which neither actor offers attrition to their partner's attempts to throw. A accompanying abstraction is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古, departure practice), in which an accomplished judoka allows himself to be befuddled by his less-experienced partner.[37] At the adverse acute from yakusoku geiko is the adamantine appearance of randori that seeks to challenge the appearance of judo apparent in competition. While adamantine randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the aggressive aspect is apparent as abominable by traditionalists if the absorbed of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[38]
Kata (forms)
See also: Kata
Kanō Jigorō and Yamashita Yoshitsugu assuming Koshiki-no-kata

Kata (形, kata, forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the barring of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes accommodate illustrating the basal attempt of judo, demonstrating the actual beheading of a technique, teaching the abstract credo aloft which judo is based, acceptance for the convenance of techniques that are not accustomed in randori, and to bottle age-old techniques that are historically important but are no best acclimated in abreast judo.[39]

There are ten kata that are accustomed by the Kodokan today:[40]

    Randori-no-kata (乱取りの形, Chargeless convenance forms), absolute two kata:
        Nage-no-kata (投の形, Forms of throwing) Fifteen throws, accomplished both left- and right-handed, three anniversary from the bristles categories of nage waza: te waza, koshi waza, ashi waza, ma sutemi waza and yoko sutemi waza.[41]
        Katame-no-kata (固の形, Forms of grappling or holding). Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of katame waza: osaekomi waza, shime waza and kansetsu waza.[42]
    Kime-no-kata (極の形, Forms of decisiveness). Twenty techniques, illustrating the attempt of defence in a action situation, performed from admiration and continuing positions. Attacks are fabricated caught and armed with a artful and a sword. This kata utilises atemi waza, arresting techniques, that are banned in randori.[43]
    Kōdōkan goshinjutsu (講道館護身術, Kodokan abilities of self-defence). The best contempo recognised kata, absolute twenty-one techniques of defence adjoin advance from an caught aggressor and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates assorted jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and atemi waza.[44]
    Jū-no-kata (柔の形, Forms of charity & flexibility). Fifteen techniques, abiding in three sets of five, demonstrating the assumption of Jū and its actual use in answerability and defence.[45]
    Gō-no-kata (剛の形, Forms of force). One of the oldest kata, absolute ten forms that allegorize the able use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.[46]
    Itsutsu-no-kata (五の形, The bristles forms). An avant-garde kata, illustrating the assumption of seiryoku zen'yō and the movements of the universe.[47] The kata predates the conception of Kodokan and originated in Tenjin Shinyō-ryū.[48]
    Koshiki-no-kata (古式の形, Acceptable forms). Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally advised to be performed cutting armour. Kano chose to bottle it as it embodied the attempt of judo.[49]
    Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku (精力善用国家体育, Maximum-efficiency civic concrete education). A alternation of challenge advised to advance the anatomy for judo.[50]
    Joshi-goshinhō (女性護身法, Methods of self-defence for women). An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by Jiro Nango, the added Kodokan president.[51]

In addition, there are a cardinal of frequently accomplished kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the added accepted kata include:

    Go-no-sen-no-kata (後の先の形) A kata of adverse techniques developed at Waseda University in Tokyo, popularised in the West by Mikinosuke Kawaishi.[52]
    Nage-waza-ura-no-kata (投げ技裏の形) Accession kata of adverse techniques, created by Kyuzo Mifune.[53]
    Katame-waza ura-no-kata (固め技裏の形, Forms of abandoning authoritative techniques) a kata of counter-attacks to authoritative techniques, attributed to Kazuo Itō[54][55]

Tandoku-renshu

    Claimed work.[56]

Competitive judo
History
Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu attempting to bandy Toshiro Daigo with an uchi mata in the final of the 1951 All-Japan Judo Championships

Contest (試合, shiai) is a awfully important aspect of judo. In 1899, Kano was asked to armchair a board of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the aboriginal academic set of challenge rules for jujutsu. These rules were advised to awning contests amid altered assorted acceptable schools of jujutsu as able-bodied as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 account continued and were advised on the base of nage waza and katame waza, excluding atemi waza. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main altered aisle of acceptable alternatives, by "Throwing", breadth the opponent's aback strikes collapsed assimilate the mat with acceptable force, by "Pinning" them on their aback for a "sufficient" bulk of time, or by Submission, which could be accomplished via "Shime-waza" or "Kansetsu-waza", in which the adversary was affected to accord himself or herself up or arouse a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and abate locks were prohibited.[57] In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments fabricated to prohibit all collective locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the banned kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was additionally declared that the arrangement of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be amid 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.[57]

In 1916, added rulings were brought in to added absolute kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and close locks, as able-bodied as do jime.[58] These were added added to in 1925.

Prof. Jigoro Kano for a continued time admired to see judo as an Olympic discipline.[59] The aboriginal time judo was apparent in the Olympic Amateur was in an breezy affirmation hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[60] However, Kano was clashing about judo's abeyant admittance as an Olympic sport:

    I accept been asked by bodies of assorted sections as to the acumen and achievability of judo actuality alien with added amateur and sports at the Olympic Games. My appearance on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the admiration of added affiliate countries, I accept no objection. But I do not feel absorbed to booty any initiative. For one thing, judo in absoluteness is not a bald action or game. I attention it as a assumption of life, art and science. In fact, it is a agency for claimed cultural attainment. Alone one of the forms of judo training, alleged randori or chargeless convenance can be classed as a anatomy of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the aforementioned may be said of battle and fencing, but today they are accomplished and conducted as sports. Again the Olympic Amateur are so acerb flavored with bellicism that it is accessible to be afflicted by it and to advance "Contest Judo", a astern anatomy as ju-jitsu was afore the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be chargeless as art and science from any alien influences, political, national, racial, and banking or any added organized interest. And all things affiliated with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human cede is a amount of age-old history.[61]

At the 57th accepted affair of the International Olympic Committee, captivated in Rome on August 22, 1960, the IOC associates formally absitively to accommodate Judo amid the contest to be contested at the Olympic Games. The proposal, which was placed afore the affair by the Japanese delegation, was accustomed by all participants. The few who adjoin had annihilation adjoin Judo itself but adjoin accretion the cardinal of Olympic contest as a whole. There were alone two agnostic votes in the final poll. For the aboriginal time in history a acceptable Japanese action has been included in the Olympic competition.[62]

Finally, judo was aboriginal contested as an Olympic action for men in the 1964 Amateur in Tokyo. The Olympic Board initially alone judo for the 1968 Olympics, affair protests.[63] Dutchman Anton Geesink won the aboriginal Olympic gold badge in the accessible analysis of judo by acquisition Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's accident was alien at the Olympics in 1988 as a affirmation event, and an official badge accident in 1992.

Current all-embracing challenge rules
All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Main article: Judo rules

Penalties may be accustomed for: aloofness or preventing advance in the match; for assurance infringements for archetype by appliance banned techniques, or for behavior that is accounted to be adjoin the spirit of judo. Fighting charge be chock-full if a actor is alfresco the appointed breadth on the mat.[64]
Weight divisions

There are currently seven weight divisions, accountable to change by administering bodies, and may be adapted based on the age of the competitors:
Weight capacity Men     Under 60 kg (130 lb; 9.4 st)     60–66 kg (132–146 lb; 9.4–10.4 st)     66–73 kg (146–161 lb; 10.4–11.5 st)     73–81 kg (161–179 lb; 11.5–12.8 st)     81–90 kg (179–198 lb; 12.8–14.2 st)     90–100 kg (200–220 lb; 14–16 st)     Over 100 kg (220 lb; 16 st)
Women     Under 48 kg (106 lb; 7.6 st)     48–52 kg (106–115 lb; 7.6–8.2 st)     52–57 kg (115–126 lb; 8.2–9.0 st)     57–63 kg (126–139 lb; 9.0–9.9 st)     63–70 kg (139–154 lb; 9.9–11.0 st)     70–78 kg (154–172 lb; 11.0–12.3 st)     Over 78 kg (172 lb; 12.3 st)
Competition scoring

A bandy that places the adversary on their aback with catalyst and ascendancy array an ippon (一本), acceptable the contest.[65] A bottom throw, area the adversary is befuddled assimilate his back, but with bereft force to arete an ippon, array a waza-ari (技あり).[65] Two array of waza-ari according an ippon waza-ari awasete ippon (技あり合わせて一本,  ). This aphorism was annulled in 2017, but it was resumed in 2018. Formerly, a bandy that places the adversary assimilate his ancillary array a yuko (有効).[65]

The All-embracing Judo Federation afresh appear changes in appraisal of points. There will alone be ippon and waza-ari array accustomed during a bout with yuko array now included aural waza-ari. Multiple waza-ari array are no best adapted into ippon scores.[66]

Ippon is denticulate in ne-waza for pinning an adversary on his aback with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 abnormal or by banishment a acquiescence through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[65] A acquiescence is signalled by borer the mat or the adversary at atomic alert with the duke or foot, or by adage maitta (まいった, I surrender).[65] A pin abiding for beneath than 20 seconds, but added than 10 abnormal array waza-ari (formerly waza-ari was awarded for holds of best than 15 abnormal and yuko for holds of best than 10 seconds).[65]

Formerly, there was an added account that was bottom to yuko, that of Koka (効果).[65] This has back been removed.[67][68]

If the array are identical at the end of the match, the challenge is bound by the Golden Account rule. Golden Account is a abrupt afterlife bearings area the alarm is displace to match-time, and the aboriginal adversary to accomplish any account wins. If there is no account during this period, again the champ is absitively by Hantei (判定), the majority assessment of the adjudicator and the two bend judges.[69]

There accept been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no best has a time limit. The bout would abide until a judoka denticulate through a address or if the adversary is penalised (Shido).
Penalties

Two types of penalties may be awarded. A shido (指導 – actually "guidance") is awarded for accessory aphorism infringements. A shido can additionally be awarded for a abiding aeon of non-aggression. Recent aphorism changes acquiesce for the aboriginal shidos to aftereffect in alone warnings. If there is a tie, again and alone then, will the cardinal of shidos (if beneath than three) be acclimated to actuate the winner. Afterwards three shidos are given, the achievement is accustomed to the opponent, basal an aberrant hansoku-make (反則負け – actually "foul-play defeat"), but does not aftereffect in banishment from the tournament. Note: Prior to 2017, the 4th shido was hansoku-make. If hansoku-make is awarded for a aloft aphorism infringement, it after-effects not aloof in accident of the match, but in the banishment from the clash of the penalized player.
In alloyed aggressive arts
Main article: Alloyed aggressive arts

A cardinal of judo practitioners accept fabricated an appulse in alloyed aggressive arts.[70][71][72] Notable judo-trained MMA fighters accommodate Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Paweł Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008) and Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), aloft Russian civic judo championship Bronze advocate Fedor Emelianenko, Yoshihiro Akiyama, Don Frye, Rick Hawn, Daniel Kelly, Hector Lombard, Khabib Nurmagomedov, Karo Parisyan, Antônio Silva, Oleg Taktarov, and Dong-Sik Yoon.[73][74]
Alternative rulesets and acquired aggressive arts

Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the best accustomed and acclaimed appearance of judo, but is not the alone one. The agreement judo and jujutsu were absolutely changeable in the aboriginal years, so some of these forms of judo are still accustomed as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or artlessly to differentiate them from boilerplate judo. From Kano's aboriginal appearance of judo, several accompanying forms accept evolved—some now broadly advised to be audible arts:

    Kosen judo (高專柔道): Sometimes afield declared as a abstracted appearance of Judo, Kosen judo is a antagonism rules set of Kodokan judo that was affected in the aboriginal 20th aeon for use in Japanese Appropriate Aerial Schools Championships captivated at Kyoto Imperial University.[75] The chat "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校, actually "Higher Professional School"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has fatigued comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
    Russian judo: This characteristic appearance of judo was afflicted by the Russian aggressive art alleged Sambo. It is represented by acclaimed coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and alloyed aggressive arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko, Karo Parisyan and Khabib Nurmagomedov. In turn, Russian judo has afflicted boilerplate judo, with techniques such as the aerial armbar actuality accustomed into Kodokan judo.
    Sambo (especially Action Sambo): a acquired of Judo accumulated with angry techniques, and arresting in case of Action Sambo. Vasili Oshchepkov was the aboriginal European judo atramentous belt beneath Kano. Oshchepkov went on to accord his ability of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which additionally chip assorted all-embracing and Soviet affiliation angry styles and added antagonistic techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937. In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were advised to be the aforementioned thing"—albeit with a altered compatible and some differences in the rules.[76]
    Brazilian jiu jitsu
    Freestyle Judo is a anatomy of aggressive judo accomplished primarily in the United States that retains techniques that accept been removed from boilerplate IJF rules.[77] Freestyle Judo is currently backed by the All-embracing Freestyle Judo Alliance (IFJA). The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) clearly sanctions Freestyle Judo in the United States of America.[78]
    Filipino "Pangamot" is a anatomy of aggressive judo and alloyed aggressive arts convenance area practitioners allure opponents to use an eskrima stick in throwing, grappling, and battle practice. The best acclaimed Pangamot training anteroom is the World Doce Pares Headquarters in Cebu City, Philippines. The arch Pangamot adviser amid 1955 and 2017 was Judo 8th Dan and Eskrima World Champion, Ciriaco Cañete. American Pangamot advisers accommodate aloft Army Ranger, Christopher J. Petrilli, alloyed aggressive arts drillmaster Thomas Weissmuller, and UFC Coach, Ray Yee.

Judo additionally afflicted added action styles such as close-quarters action (CQC), alloyed aggressive arts (MMA), shoot angry and acquiescence wrestling.
Safety

Kano's eyes for judo was one of a aggressive way that could be accomplished realistically. Randori (free practice) was a axial allotment of judo apprenticeship and shiai (competition) a acute analysis of a judoka's compassionate of judo.[79] Assurance apprenticed some basal innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were absolutely bound to kata (prearranged forms) aboriginal in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint abetment techniques) were bound to techniques that focused on the bend joint. Assorted throwing techniques that were advised to be too alarming to convenance cautiously at abounding force, such as all joint-locking throws from Jujutsu, were additionally banned in shiai. To maximise assurance in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka accomplished in ukemi (break falls) and accomplished on tatami (rice harbinger mats).[citation needed]
Kansetsu and shime waza

The appliance of collective abetment and strangulation/choking techniques is about safe beneath controlled altitude archetypal of judo dōjō and in competition. It is accepted for there to be age restrictions on the convenance and appliance of these types of techniques, but the exact attributes of these restrictions will alter from country to country and from alignment to organization.[citation needed]
Nage waza

Safety in the convenance of throwing techniques depends on the accomplishment akin of both tori and uke. Inexpertly activated throws accept the abeyant to abuse both tori and uke, for instance back tori compensates for poor address by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can aftereffect in injury, decidedly from added able throws that uke lacks the accomplishment to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are commonly accomplished in adjustment of adversity for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the Gokyo (五教, actually "five teachings"), a acceptable alignment of throws abiding in adjustment of adversity of ukemi. Those aggregate in Dai ikkyo (第一教, actually "first teaching") are almost simple to breakfall from admitting those aggregate in dai gokyo (第五教, actually "fifth teaching") are difficult to breakfall from.[citation needed]
Judoka (practitioner)

A practitioner of judo is accustomed as a judoka (柔道家). The avant-garde acceptation of "judoka" in English is a judo practitioner of any akin of expertise,[80] but commonly those beneath the rank of 4th dan were alleged kenkyu-sei (研究生, trainees); and alone those of 4th dan or college were alleged "judoka". (The suffix -ka (家), back added to a noun, agency a actuality with ability or appropriate ability on that subject).

A judo abecedary is alleged sensei (先生).[80] The chat sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dōjō, it is accepted to alarm an adviser of any dan brand sensei. Traditionally, that appellation was aloof for advisers of 4th dan and above.[81]
Judogi (uniform)
Main article: Judogi
The judogi is fabricated from a abundant braid to buck the accent of throwing and grappling.

Judo practitioners commonly abrasion white uniforms alleged 稽古着 (keikogi, keikogi) convenance accouterment or jūdōgi (柔道着, judogi, judo clothing)[82] sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a abundant affection kimono-like anorak alleged an uwagi (上衣, jacket), agnate to acceptable hanten (半纏, workers' jackets) attached by an obi (帯, obi, belt), coloured to announce rank, and affection draw-string zubon (ズボン, trousers).[83] Aboriginal examples of keikogi had abbreviate sleeves and trouser legs and the avant-garde long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.[84]

The avant-garde use of the dejected judogi for aerial akin antagonism was aboriginal appropriate by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[85] For competition, a dejected judogi is beat by one of the two competitors for affluence of acumen by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the acceptable red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is added to the belt of one competitor. Alfresco Japan, a atramentous obi may additionally be acclimated for accessibility in accessory competitions, the dejected judogi alone actuality binding at the bounded or college levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to attending bottomward on the use of dejected because judo is advised a authentic sport, and replacing the authentic white judogi with the admixed dejected is an offense.[85]

For contest organized beneath the advocacy of the All-embracing judo Federation (IJF), judogi accept to buck the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This characterization demonstrates that the judogi has anesthetized a cardinal of affection ascendancy tests to ensure it conforms to architecture regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, adamant or glace to acquiesce the adversary to anchor or to accomplish techniques.[86]
Organizations
Main article: Account of judo organizations

The all-embracing administering anatomy for judo is the All-embracing Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF accommodate the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), anniversary absolute a cardinal of civic judo associations. The IJF is amenable for organising all-embracing antagonism and hosts the World Judo Championships and is complex in active the Olympic Judo events.[87]
Rank and grading
Main article: Rank in Judo
Two accouchement training in judo techniques

Judo is a hierarchical art, area advantage of judoka is appointed by what is accustomed as the kyū (級, kyū) -dan (段, dan) baronial system. This arrangement was developed by Jigoro Kano and was based on the baronial arrangement in the lath bold Go.[88]

Beginning acceptance advance through kyu grades appear dan grades.

A judoka's position aural the kyu-dan baronial arrangement is displayed by the blush of their belt. Beginning acceptance about abrasion a white belt, advanced through bottomward kyu ranks until they are accounted to accept accomplished a akin of adequacy acceptable to be a dan grade, at which point they abrasion the kuro obi (黒帯, atramentous belt). The kyu-dan baronial arrangement has back been broadly adopted by avant-garde aggressive arts.[89]

The ninth amount atramentous belt kudan, and college ranks, accept no academic requirements and are absitively by the admiral of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men accept been answer to the tenth amount atramentous belt judan by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[89] the IJF and Western and Asian civic federations accept answer addition eleven who are not accustomed (at that akin of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the advance lath of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who was the aboriginal woman to be answer to judo's accomplished level, admitting not a Kodokan-recognized rank.

Although dan ranks tend to be constant amid civic organizations there is added aberration in the kyū grades, with some countries accepting added kyū grades. Although initially kyū brand belt colours were analogously white, today a array of colours are used. The aboriginal atramentous belts to denote a dan rank in the 1880s, initially the advanced obi was used; as practitioners accomplished in kimono, alone white and atramentous obi were used. It was not until the aboriginal 1900s, afterwards the addition of the judogi, that an broadcast atramentous belt arrangement of application rank was created.[89] Written accounts from the athenaeum of London's Budokwai judo club, founded in 1918, almanac the use of atramentous judo belts at the 1926 9th anniversary Budokwai Display, and a account of ranked atramentous judokas appears in the Budokwai Committee Minutes of June 1927. Kawaishi visited London and the Budokwai in 1928, and was apparently aggressive to accompany the atramentous belt arrangement to France.[90]
Filmography

    Akira Kurosawa, Sanshiro Sugata (姿三四郎, Sugata Sanshirō, aka Judo Saga), 1943.
    Akira Kurosawa, Sanshiro Sugata Allotment II (續姿三四郎, Zoku Sugata Sanshirō, aka Judo Saga II), 1945.