Taekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do (/ˌtaɪkwɒnˈdoʊ, ˌtaɪˈkwɒndoʊ/;[2][3][4] Korean: 태권도/跆拳道 [tʰɛ.k͈wʌn.do] (About this soundlisten)) is a Korean aggressive art, characterized by its accent on head-height kicks, jumping spinning kicks, and fast blame techniques.
Like Tang Soo Do, Taekwondo consistently requires cutting an dobok. It is a antagonistic action and was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean aggressive artists with acquaintance in aggressive arts such as karate, Chinese aggressive arts, and aboriginal Korean aggressive arts traditions such as Taekkyon, Subak, and Gwonbeop.[5][6] The oldest administering anatomy for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Affiliation (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative accomplishment by assembly from the nine aboriginal kwans, or aggressive arts schools, in Korea. The capital all-embracing organisational bodies for Taekwondo today are the All-embracing Taekwon-Do Alliance (ITF), founded by Choi Hong Hi in 1966, and the amalgamation of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, aforetime WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 appropriately by the Korea Taekwondo Association.[7] Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a blazon of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic accident back 2000. The administering anatomy for Taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo.
Beginning in 1945, anon afterwards the end of World War II and Japanese Occupation, new aggressive arts schools alleged kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were accustomed by Korean aggressive artists with backgrounds in (mostly) Japanese[8] and Chinese aggressive arts. At the time, aboriginal disciplines (such as Taekkyeon) were all but forgotten, due to years of abatement and repression by the Japanese colonial government. The awning appellation acceptable Taekwondo about refers to the aggressive arts accomplished by the kwans during the 1940s and 1950s, admitting in absoluteness the appellation "Taekwondo" had not yet been coined at that time, and absolutely anniversary kwan (school) was practicing its own altered angry style.
In 1952, South Korean Admiral Syngman Rhee witnessed a aggressive arts affirmation by ROK Officer Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the address on affectation as Taekkyeon,[9][10] and apprenticed aggressive arts to be alien to the army beneath a audible system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in ardent the achievability of creating a unified Korean aggressive art. Until then, Tang Soo Do was acclimated to name Korean Karate, application the Korean hanja accentuation of the Japanese kanji (唐手道). The name Tae Soo Do (跆手道) was additionally acclimated to call a unified appearance Korean aggressive arts.[citation needed] This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".
Choi Hong Hi advocated the use of the name Tae Kwon Do, i.e. replacing su "hand" by 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the appellation additionally acclimated for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán).[11] The name was additionally the abutting to the accentuation of Taekkyeon,[12] in accordance with the angle of the president.[9][13] The new name was initially apathetic to bolt on amid the leaders of the kwans. During this time Taekwondo was additionally adopted for use by the South Korean military, which added its acceptance amid noncombatant aggressive arts schools.[7][9]
In 1959 the Korea Taekwondo Affiliation or KTA (then-Korea Tang Soo Do Association) was accustomed to facilitate the affinity of Korean aggressive arts. Accepted Choi, of the Oh Do Kwan, capital all the added affiliate kwans of the KTA to accept his own Chan Hon-style of Taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with attrition as the added kwans instead capital a unified appearance to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to accompany on the ancestry and characteristics of all of the styles, not aloof the appearance of a audible kwan.[7] As a acknowledgment to this, forth with disagreements about teaching Taekwondo in North Korea and accumulation the accomplished Korean Peninsula, Choi bankrupt with the KTA in 1966, in adjustment to authorize the All-embracing Taekwon-Do Alliance (ITF)— a abstracted administering anatomy adherent to institutionalizing his own appearance of Taekwondo in Canada.[7][9]
Initially, the South Korean president, accepting abutting ties to Accepted Choi, gave Accepted Choi's ITF bound support.[7] However, the South Korean government admired to abstain North Korean access on the aggressive art. Conversely, ITF admiral Choi Hong Hi approved abutment for his appearance of Taekwondo from all quarters, including North Korea. In response, in 1972 South Korea withdrew its abutment for the ITF. The ITF connected to action as an absolute federation, afresh headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Choi connected to advance the ITF-style, conspicuously with the 1983 advertisement of his Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Afterwards Choi's retirement, the ITF breach in 2001 and afresh afresh in 2002 to actualize three abstracted federations anniversary of which continues to accomplish today beneath the aforementioned name.[7]
In 1972 the KTA and the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism accustomed the Kukkiwon as the new civic academy for Taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves abounding of the functions ahead served by the KTA, in agreement of defining a government-sponsored unified appearance of Taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon authentic the enactment of the World Taekwondo Alliance (WTF, renamed to World Taekwondo in 2017 due to abashing with the initialism[14]) to advance the active ancillary of Kukki-Taekwondo. WT competitions apply Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo.[7][15] For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is about referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, admitting in absoluteness the appearance is authentic by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.
Since 2000, Taekwondo has been one of alone two Asian aggressive arts (the added actuality judo) that are included in the Olympic Games. It started as a affirmation accident at the 1988 amateur in Seoul, a year afterwards acceptable a badge accident at the Pan Am Games, and became an official badge accident at the 2000 amateur in Sydney. In 2010, Taekwondo was accustomed as a Commonwealth Amateur sport. [16]
Features
Flying accompanying basal ancillary kick
A jumping about-face angle kick
See also: List of Taekwondo techniques
Taekwondo is characterized by its accent on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast blame techniques. In fact, World Taekwondo battle competitions accolade added credibility for strikes that absorb spinning kicks, bliss to the head, or both.[17] To facilitate fast, axis kicks, Taekwondo about adopts stances that are narrower and taller than the broader, advanced stances acclimated by aggressive arts such as karate. The tradeoff of decreased adherence is believed to be account the adequate access in agility, decidedly in Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo.
Theory of power
The accent on acceleration and activity is a defining appropriate of Taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong Hi. The after-effects of that assay are accepted by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his compassionate of ability on biomechanics and Newtonian physics as able-bodied as Chinese aggressive arts. For example, Choi empiric that the active activity of a bang increases quadratically with the acceleration of the strike, but increases alone linearly with the accumulation of the arresting object. In added words, acceleration is added important than admeasurement in agreement of breeding power. This assumption was congenital into the aboriginal architecture of Taekwondo and is still used. [9] [18]
Choi additionally advocated a relax/strike assumption for Taekwondo; in added words, amid blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, afresh close the anatomy alone while assuming the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike assumption increases the ability of the technique, by attention the body's energy. He broadcast on this assumption with his advancement of the sine beachcomber technique. This involves adopting one's centre of force amid techniques, afresh blurred it as the address is performed, bearing the active movement from which the appellation "sine wave" is derived. [18] The sine beachcomber is about practiced, however, alone in schools that chase ITF-style Taekwondo. Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo, for example, does not apply the sine beachcomber and advocates a added compatible acme during movements, cartoon ability mainly from the circling of the hip.
The apparatus of the Theory of Ability include:[19]
Acknowledgment Force: the assumption that as the arresting limb is brought forward, added genitalia of the anatomy should be brought backwards in adjustment to accommodate added ability to the arresting limb. As an example, if the appropriate leg is brought advanced in a bang kick, the appropriate arm is brought backwards to accommodate the acknowledgment force.
Concentration: the assumption of bringing as abounding anatomy as accessible to buck on a strike, apperception the breadth of appulse into as baby an breadth as possible.
Equilibrium: advancement a actual centre-of-balance throughout a technique.
Breath Control: the abstraction that during a bang one should exhale, with the animation absolute at the moment of impact.
Mass: the assumption of bringing as abundant of the anatomy to buck on a bang as possible; afresh application the axis bang as an example, the abstraction would be to circle the hip as able-bodied as the leg during the bang in adjustment to booty advantage of the hip's added accumulation in agreement of accouterment ability to the kick.
Speed: as ahead noted, the acceleration of beheading of a address in Taekwondo is accounted to be alike added important than accumulation in agreement of accouterment power.
Typical curriculum
A adolescent blackbelt performs Koryo
While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon ascertain the accepted appearance of Taekwondo, alone clubs and schools tend to clothier their Taekwondo practices. Although anniversary Taekwondo club or academy is different, a apprentice about takes allotment in best or all of the following: [20]
Forms (pumsae / poomsae 품새, hyeong / hyung 형/型 or teul / tul 틀): these serve the aforementioned action as kata in the abstraction of karate
Battle (gyeorugi 겨루기 or matseogi 맞서기): battle includes variations such as bathe battle (in which competitors batten afterwards abeyance for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step battle (in which acceptance convenance pre-arranged battle combinations); and point battle (in which battle is disconnected and afresh resumed afterwards anniversary point is scored)
Breaking (gyeokpa 격파/擊破 or weerok): the breaking of boards is acclimated for testing, training, and aggressive arts demonstrations. Demonstrations about additionally absorb bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or added materials. These techniques can be afar into three types:
Ability breaking – application aboveboard techniques to breach as abounding boards as possible
Acceleration breaking – boards are captivated about by one edge, putting appropriate focus on the acceleration appropriate to accomplish the break
Appropriate techniques – breaking beneath boards but by application jumping or aerial techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to bright obstacles
Self-defense techniques (hosinsul 호신술/護身術)
Learning the axiological techniques of Taekwondo; these about accommodate kicks, blocks, punches, and strikes, with somewhat beneath accent on grappling and holds
Throwing and/or falling techniques (deonjigi 던지기 or tteoreojigi 떨어지기)
Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
Relaxation and brainwork exercises, as able-bodied as breath control
A focus on brainy and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, and self-confidence
Examinations to advance to the abutting rank
Development of claimed success and administration skills
Though weapons training is not a academic allotment of best Taekwondo alliance curricula, alone schools will about absorb added training with staffs, knives, sticks, etc.
Equipment and facilities
A WT-style dobok
A archetypal dojang
A Taekwondo practitioner about wears a compatible (dobok 도복/道服), about white but sometimes atramentous (or added colors), with a belt angry about the waist. White uniforms are advised the acceptable blush and are usually encouraged for use at academic ceremonies such as belt tests and promotions. Colored uniforms are about aloof for appropriate teams (such as affirmation teams or administration teams) or higher-level instructors. There are at atomic three above styles of dobok, with the best accessible differences actuality in the appearance of jacket:
The cross-over advanced anorak (usually apparent in ITF style), in which the aperture of the anorak is vertical.
The cross-over Y-neck anorak (usually apparent in the Kukkiwon/WT style, abnormally for poomsae competitions), in which the aperture of the anorak crosses the anatomy diagonally.
The pull-over V-neck anorak (usually apparent in Kukkiwon/WT style, abnormally for battle competitions).
White uniforms in the Kukkiwon/WT attitude will about be white throughout the anorak (black trim forth the collars alone for dan grades), while ITF-style uniforms are usually akin with a atramentous bound forth the collar and basal of the anorak (for dan grades). The belt blush and any badge afterwards announce the student's rank. Altered clubs and schools use altered blush schemes for belts. In general, the darker the color, the college the rank. Taekwondo is frequently performed in bald feet, although aggressive arts training shoes may sometimes be worn.
When sparring, bedlam accessories is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, about alone the easily and anxiety are padded. For this reason, ITF battle about employs alone light-contact sparring. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact battle is facilitated by the application of added all-encompassing equipment: bedlam helmets alleged homyun are consistently worn, as are bedlam anatomy protectors alleged hogu; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are additionally worn.
The academy or abode breadth apprenticeship is accustomed is alleged the dojang (도장, 道場). Specifically, the appellation dojang refers to the breadth aural the academy in which aggressive arts apprenticeship takes place; the chat dojang is sometimes translated as gymnasium. In accepted usage, the appellation dojang is about acclimated to accredit to the academy as a whole. Modern dojangs about absorb bedlam flooring, about accumulation red-and-blue patterns in the attic to reflect the colors of the taegeuk symbol. Some dojangs accept board attic instead. The dojang is usually busy with items such as flags, banners, belts, advisory materials, and acceptable Korean calligraphy.
Styles and organizations
A "family tree" illustrating how the bristles aboriginal kwans gave acceleration to assorted styles of Taekwondo.
There are a cardinal of above Taekwondo styles as able-bodied as a few alcove styles. Best styles are associated with a administering anatomy or alliance that defines the style[21]. The above abstruse differences amid Taekwondo styles and organizations about circumduct around:
the patterns accomplished by anniversary appearance (called hyeong 형, pumsae 품새, or tul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of assigned academic sequences of movements that authenticate ability of posture, positioning, and technique
differences in the battle rules for competition.
aggressive arts philosophy.
1946: Acceptable Taekwondo
The appellation acceptable Taekwondo about refers to aggressive arts practised in Korea during the 1940s and 1950s by the nine aboriginal kwans, or aggressive arts schools, afterwards the cessation of the Japanese activity of Korea at the end of World War II. The appellation Taekwondo had not yet been coined, and in reality, anniversary of the nine aboriginal kwans practised its own appearance of aggressive art. The appellation acceptable Taekwondo serves mostly as an awning appellation for these assorted styles, as they themselves acclimated assorted added names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way)[a], Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way)[b] and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way)[c]. Acceptable Taekwondo is still practised today but about beneath added names, such as Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do.[7][9] In 1959, the name Taekwondo was agreed aloft by the nine aboriginal kwans as a accepted appellation for their aggressive arts. As allotment of the affinity process, The Korea Taekwondo Affiliation (KTA) was formed through a collaborative accomplishment by assembly from all the kwans, and the assignment began on a accepted curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Appearance of Taekwondo. The aboriginal kwans that formed KTA continues to abide today, but as absolute congenial associates organizations that abutment the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon. The kwans additionally action as a approach for the arising of Kukkiwon dan and poom acceptance (black belt ranks) for their members. The official class of those kwans that abutting the affinity is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable barring of bisected the Oh Do Kwan which abutting the ITF instead and accordingly uses the Chan Hon curriculum.
1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo
International Taekwon-Do Alliance (ITF)-style Taekwondo, added accurately accepted as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is authentic by Choi Hong Hi's Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do appear in 1983.[18]
In 1990, the Global Taekwondo Alliance (GTF) breach from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to convenance ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with added elements congenital into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself breach in 2001 and afresh in 2002 into three abstracted federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.[22][23][24]
The GTF and all three ITFs convenance Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the chat acclimated for "forms" is tul; the specific set of tul acclimated by the ITF is alleged Chang Hon. Choi authentic 24 Chang Hon tul. The names and apologue of the Chang Hon tul accredit to elements of Korean history, ability and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an added six tul.
Within the ITF Taekwondo attitude there are two sub-styles:
The appearance of Taekwondo practised by the ITF afore its 1973 breach with the KTA is sometimes alleged by ITF practitioners "traditional Taekwondo", admitting a added authentic appellation would be acceptable ITF Taekwondo.
Afterwards the 1973 split, Choi Hong Hi connected to advance and clarify the style, ultimately publishing his assignment in his 1983 Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Amid the refinements congenital into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong Hi's afterwards attempt of Taekwondo is that the body's centre of force should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.
Some ITF schools accept the sine beachcomber style, while others do not. About all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) authentic in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions accompanying to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang.
1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo
In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a above Taekwondo adviser in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and accustomed a alternation of aggressive arts schools in the United States beneath the banderole of the American Taekwondo Affiliation (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in acceptable Taekwondo. The appearance of Taekwondo practised by the ATA is alleged Songahm Taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the better chains of Taekwondo schools in the United States.[25]
The ATA accustomed all-embracing spin-offs alleged the Songahm Taekwondo Alliance (STF) and the World Acceptable Taekwondo Union (WTTU) to advance the convenance of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited beneath the awning of ATA International.
1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo
In 1962 Jhoon Rhee relocated to the United States and accustomed a alternation of aggressive arts schools primarily in the Washington, D.C. breadth that practised acceptable Taekwondo. In the 1970s, at the advancement of Choi Hong Hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo aural his alternation of schools, but like the GTF afterwards ancient from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to advance his own appearance of Taekwondo alleged Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, accumulation elements of both acceptable and ITF-style Taekwondo as able-bodied as aboriginal elements.[26] (Note that Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo is audible from the analogously alleged Rhee Taekwon-Do, based in Australia and New Zealand).
Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo is still practised primarily in the United States and eastern Europe.
1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo
Relative acceptance of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo about the world
In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Affiliation (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was afflicted to Kukkiwon. Beneath the advocacy of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new civic academy for Taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" appearance of Taekwondo.[15] In 1973 the KTA accustomed the World Taekwondo Alliance (WTF, now alleged World Taekwondo, WT) to advance the active ancillary of Kukki-Taekwondo. The All-embracing Olympic Committee accustomed the WT and Taekwondo battle in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined appearance of Taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style Taekwondo, Olympic-style Taekwondo, or WT-style Taekwondo, but the appearance itself is authentic by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT antagonism ruleset itself alone allows the use of a actual baby cardinal of the absolute cardinal of techniques included in the style.[27] Therefore, the actual appellation for the South Korean government sponsored appearance of Taekwondo associated with the Kukkiwon, is Kukki Taekwondo, acceptation "national Taekwondo" in Korean.
The blush belts ambit from white to inferior atramentous belt (half black, bisected red) or apparent red[citation needed]. The adjustment and colours acclimated may alter amid schools, but a common[according to whom?] adjustment is white, yellow, green, blue, red, black[citation needed]. However, added variations with a college cardinal of colours is additionally frequently seen. A accepted practice[according to whom?], back employing alone four coloured belts, is to break at anniversary belt blush for the continuance of two gup ranks, authoritative a absolute of eight gup ranks amid white belt and 1st. dan atramentous belt. In adjustment to accomplish a beheld aberration amid the aboriginal and added gup rank of accustomed belt color, a band in the aforementioned blush as the abutting belt blush is added to the added cup rank in some schools.
In Kukki-style Taekwondo, the chat acclimated for "forms" is poomsae. In 1967 the KTA accustomed a new set of forms alleged the Palgwae poomsae, alleged afterwards the eight trigrams of the I Ching. In 1971 about (after added kwans had abutting the KTA), the KTA and Kukkiwon adopted a new set of color-belt forms instead, alleged the Taegeuk poomsae. Atramentous belt forms are alleged yudanja poomsae. While ITF-style forms accredit to key elements of Korean history, Kukki-style forms accredit instead to elements of sino-Korean aesthetics such as the I Ching and the taegeuk.
WT-sanctioned tournaments acquiesce any person, behindhand of academy amalgamation or aggressive arts style, to attempt in WT contest as continued as he or she is a affiliate of the WT Affiliate Civic Affiliation in his or her nation; this allows about anyone to attempt in WT-sanctioned competitions.
Other styles and hybrids
As ahead mentioned, in 1990 the Global Taekwondo Alliance (GTF) breach from the All-embracing Taekwon-Do Alliance (ITF) to anatomy its own appearance of Taekwondo based on ITF-style. About this can be advised a aberration of ITF-style.
Also in 1990, aggressive artisan and amateur Chuck Norris, an alum of Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan organization, accustomed a amalgam aggressive art arrangement alleged Chun Kuk Do. Chun Kuk Do shares abounding techniques, forms and names with Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, and so can be advised a aberration of acceptable Taekwondo. Similarly, Lim Ching Sing's Hup Kwon Do and Kwang-jo Choi's Choi Kwang Do additionally acquire from Taekwondo.
Additionally, there are amalgam aggressive arts that amalgamate Taekwondo with added styles. These include:
Extreme Taekwondo: a circuitous adaptation of World Taekwondo Federation, which combines elements from all Taekwondo styles, Tricking (martial arts), similarities from added aggressive arts
Kun Gek Do[28] (also Gwon Gyokdo): combines Taekwondo and muay thai.
Han Moo Do: Scandinavian aggressive art that combines Taekwondo, hapkido, and hoi jeon moo sool.
Han Mu Do: Korean aggressive art that combines Taekwondo and hapkido.
Teukgong Moosool: Korean aggressive art that combines elements of Taekwondo, hapkido, judo, kyuk too ki, and Chinese aggressive arts.
Yongmudo: developed at Korea's Yong-In University, combines Taekwondo, hapkido, judo, and ssireum.
Forms (patterns)
Three Korean agreement may be acclimated with advertence to Taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are agnate to kata in karate.
Hyeong (sometimes romanized as hyung) is the appellation usually acclimated in acceptable Taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean aggressive arts).
Poomsae (sometimes romanized as pumsae or poomse) is the appellation clearly acclimated by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style Taekwondo.
Teul (officially romanized as tul) is the appellation usually acclimated in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo.
A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged arrangement of aggressive techniques that is performed either with or afterwards the use of a weapon. In dojangs (Taekwondo training gymnasiums) hyeong are acclimated primarily as a anatomy of breach training that is advantageous in developing mushin, able kinetics and brainy and concrete fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and alloyed calm so as to be an able conditioning tool. One's bent for a accurate hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a console of board who abject the account on abounding factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In Western competitions, there are two accepted classes of hyeong: artistic and standard. Artistic hyeong are created by the aerialist and are about acrobatic in attributes and do not necessarily reflect the active attempt built-in in any aggressive system.
Different Taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use altered Taekwondo forms. Alike aural a audible association, altered schools in the affiliation may use hardly altered variations on the forms or use altered names for the aforementioned anatomy (especially in earlier styles of Taekwondo). This is abnormally accurate for abecedarian forms, which tend to be beneath connected than boilerplate forms.
ATA Songahm-style[29] ITF Chang Hon-style[30] GTF style[31] WT Kukkiwon-style[32] Jhoon Rhee style[33]
Beginner Contest (3) Beginner Contest (3) Unofficial Abecedarian Forms (usually 3–) Beginner Forms (2)
Four Direction Punch Four Direction Punch Kicho Hyeong Il Bu, Kibon Hana or Kibon Il Jang Kamsah
Four Direction Block Four Direction Block Kicho Hyeong Ee Bu, Kibon Dool or Kibon Ee Jang Kyu-Yool
Four Direction Thrust Four Direction Thrust Kicho Hyeong Sam Bu, Kibon Set or Kibon Sam Jang
Kibon Net or Kibon Sa Jang
Color Belt Forms (9) Color Belt Forms (9) Color Belt Forms (11) Color Belt Forms (Taegeuk, 8) Color Belt Forms (8)
Songahm 1 Chon-Ji Chon-Ji Taegeuk Il Jang Jayoo
Songahm 2 Dan-Gun Dan-Gun Taegeuk Ee Jang Chosang
Songahm 3 Do-San Do-San Taegeuk Sam Jang Hanguk
Songahm 4 Jee-Sang Taegeuk Sa Jang Jung-Yi
Songahm 5 Won-Hyo Won-Hyo Taegeuk Oh Jang Pyung-Wa
In Wha 1 Yul-Gok Yul-Gok Taegeuk Yook Jang Meegook
In Wha 2 Dhan-Goon Taegeuk Chil Jang Chasin
Choong Jung 1 Joong-Gun Joong-Gun Taegeuk Pal Jang Might for Right
Choong Jung 2 Toi-Gye Toi-Gye
Hwa-Rang Hwa-Rang
Choong-Moo Choong-Moo
Black Belt Forms (8) Black Belt Forms (15) Black Belt Forms (19) Black Belt Forms (9) Black Belt Forms
Shim Jun Kwang-Gae Kwang-Gae Koryo Same as ITF
Jung Yul Po-Eun Po-Eun Keumgang
Chung San Gae-Baek Gae-Baek Taebaek
Sok Bong Jee-Goo Pyongwon
Chung Hae Eui-Am Eui-Am Sipjin
Jhang Soo Choong-Jang Choong-Jang Jitae
Chul Joon Juche, or Go-Dang* Go-Dang Cheonkwon
Jeong Seung Jook-Am Hansoo
Sam-Il Sam-Il Ilyeo
Yoo-Sin Yoo-Sin
Choi-Yong Choi-Yong Older Blush Belt Forms (Palgwae, 8)
Pyong-Hwa Palgwae Il Jang
Yon-Gae Yon-Gae Palgwae Ee Jang
Ul-Ji Ul-Ji Palgwae Sam Jang
Moon-Moo Moon-Moo Palgwae Sa Jang
Sun-Duk Palgwae Oh Jang
So-San So-San Palgwae Yook Jang
Se-Jong Se-Jong Palgwae Chil Jang
Tong-Il Tong-Il Palgwae Pal Jang
Older Atramentous Belt Forms Older Atramentous Belt Forms
* Go-Dang is advised deprecated in best ITF styles Original Koryo
U-Nam is an ITF Chang-Hon anatomy that appears alone in
the 1959 copy of Choi Hong Hi's Tae Kwon Do
Teaching Manual[34]
Candidate Demo Forms (2007, never clearly finalized)
Hanryu
Bikkak
Kukkiwon Antagonism Poomsae (2016)
Himchari
Yamang
Saebyeol
Nareusya (called Bigak Sam Jang by WT)
Bigak (called Bigak Ee Jang by WT)
Eoullim
Saeara
Hansol
Narae
Onnuri
WT Antagonism Poomsae (2017)
Bigak Il Jang (developed by WT)
Bigak Ee Jang (based on Kukkiwon's Bigak)
Bigak Sam Jang (based on Kukkiwon's Nareusya)
Ranks, belts, and promotion
Exhibition of Taekwondo acceptance at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and College Education, Mexico City
Taekwondo ranks alter from appearance to appearance and are not standardized. Typically, these ranks are afar into "junior" and "senior" sections, colloquially referred to as "color belts" and "black belts":
The inferior breadth of ranks—the "color belt" ranks—are adumbrated by the Korean chat geup 급 (級) (also Romanized as gup or kup). Practitioners in these ranks about abrasion belts alignment in blush from white (the everyman rank) to red or amber (higher ranks, depending on the appearance of Taekwondo). Belt colors may be solid or may accommodate a atramentous band on a solid background. The cardinal of geup ranks varies depending on the style, about alignment amid 8 and 12 geup ranks. The calculation arrangement for geup ranks usually begins at the beyond cardinal of white belts, and afresh counts bottomward to "1st geup" as the accomplished color-belt rank.
The chief breadth of ranks—the "black belt" ranks—is about fabricated up of nine ranks. Anniversary rank is alleged a dan 단 (段) or "degree" (as in "third dan" or "third-degree atramentous belt"). The calculation arrangement for dan ranks is adverse that of geup ranks: calculation begins at 1st dan (the everyman black-belt rank) and counts advancement for college ranks. A practitioner's amount is sometimes adumbrated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or added methods.
Some styles absorb an added rank amid the geup and dan levels, alleged the "bo-dan" rank—essentially, a applicant rank for atramentous belt promotion. Additionally, the Kukkiwon/WT-style of Taekwondo recognizes a "poom" rank for practitioners beneath the age of 15: these practitioners accept anesthetized dan-level tests but will not accept dan-level rank until age 15. At age 15, their poom rank is advised to alteration to agnate dan rank automatically. In some schools, holders of the poom rank abrasion a half-red/half-black belt rather than a solid atramentous belt.
To beforehand from one rank to the next, acceptance about complete beforehand tests in which they authenticate their accomplishment in the assorted aspects of the art afore their abecedary or a console of judges. Beforehand tests alter from academy to school, but may accommodate such elements as the beheading of patterns, which amalgamate assorted techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards to authenticate the adeptness to use techniques with both ability and control; battle and aegis to authenticate the applied appliance and ascendancy of techniques; concrete fettle usually with push-ups and sit-ups; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, and history to authenticate ability and compassionate of the art. For college dan tests, acceptance are sometimes appropriate to booty a accounting analysis or abide a analysis cardboard in accession to demography the applied test.
Promotion from one geup to the abutting can advance rapidly in some schools aback schools about acquiesce geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Acceptance of geup rank apprentice the best basal techniques first, and afresh move on to added avant-garde techniques as they access aboriginal dan. Abounding of the earlier and added acceptable schools about booty best to acquiesce acceptance to analysis for college ranks than newer, added abreast schools, as they may not accept the appropriate testing intervals. In contrast, beforehand from one dan to the abutting can booty years. In fact, some styles appoint age or time-in-rank banned on dan promotions. For example, the cardinal of years amid one dan beforehand to the abutting may be bound to a minimum of the practitioner's accustomed dan-rank, so that (for example) a 5th dan practitioner charge delay 5 years to analysis for 6th dan.
Black belt ranks may accept titles associated with them, such as "master" and "instructor", but Taekwondo organizations alter broadly in rules and standards aback it comes to ranks and titles. What holds accurate in one alignment may not authority accurate in another, as is the case in abounding aggressive art systems. For example, accomplishing aboriginal dan ( atramentous belt) baronial with three years' training ability be archetypal in one alignment but advised too quick in accession organization, and additionally for added ranks. Similarly, the appellation for a accustomed dan rank in one alignment ability not be the aforementioned as the appellation for that dan rank in accession organization.
In the All-embracing Taekwon-Do Federation, advisers captivation 1st to 3rd dan are alleged Boosabum (assistant instructor), those captivation 4th to 6th dan are alleged Sabum (instructor), those captivation 7th to 8th dan are alleged Sahyun (master), and those captivation 9th dan are alleged Saseong (grandmaster).[35] This arrangement does not, however, necessarily administer to added Taekwondo organizations.
In the American Taekwondo Association, adviser designations are abstracted from rank. Atramentous belts may be appointed as an adviser abecedarian (red, white and dejected collar), specialty trainer (red and atramentous collar), certified trainer (black-red-black collar) and certified adviser (black collar). Afterwards a one-year cat-and-mouse period, advisers who authority the sixth dan are acceptable for the appellation of Master. Seventh dan atramentous belts are acceptable for the appellation Chief Adept and eighth dan atramentous belts are acceptable for the appellation Chief Master.
In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, advisers captivation 1st. to 3rd. dan are advised abettor advisers (kyosa-nim), are not yet accustomed to affair ranks, and are about anticipation of as still accepting abundant to learn. Advisers who authority a 4th. to 6th. dan are advised adept advisers (sabum-nim), and is accustomed to brand acceptance to blush belt ranks from 4th. dan, and to atramentous belt/dan-ranks from 6th. dan. Those who authority a 7th–9th dan are advised Grandmasters. These ranks additionally holds an age claim of 40+.[36] In this style, a 10th dan rank is sometimes awarded posthumously for practitioners with a lifetime of ascertainable contributions to the convenance of Taekwondo.
Historical influences
See also: Korean aggressive arts
The oldest Korean aggressive arts were an amalgamation of caught action styles developed by the three battling Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje,[37] breadth adolescent men were accomplished in caught action techniques to advance strength, speed, and adaptation skills. The best accustomed of these techniques were ssireum, subak, and Taekkyon. The Northern Goguryeo commonwealth was a ascendant force in Northern Korea and North Eastern China above-mentioned to the 1st aeon CE, and afresh from the 3rd aeon to the 6th century. Afore the abatement of the Goguryeo Dynasty in the 6th century, the Silla Commonwealth asked for advice in training its bodies for defence adjoin charlatan invasions. During this time a few baddest Silla warriors were accustomed training in Taekkyon by the aboriginal masters from Goguryeo. These Silla warriors afresh became accustomed as Hwarang or "blossoming knights." The Hwarang set up a aggressive academy for the sons of ability in Silla alleged Hwarang-do {花郎徒}, which agency "flower-youth corps." The Hwarang advised Taekkyon, history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, amusing skills, and aggressive tactics. The allegorical attempt of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's bristles codes of animal conduct and included loyalty, binding duty, trustworthiness, valour, and justice. [38]
In animosity of Korea's affluent history of age-old and aggressive arts, Korean aggressive arts achromatic during the backward Joseon Dynasty. Korean association became awful centralized beneath Korean Confucianism, and aggressive arts were ailing admired in a association whose ethics were abridged by its scholar-kings.[39] Academic practices of acceptable aggressive arts such as subak and Taekkyon were aloof for accustomed aggressive uses. However, Taekkyon persisted into the 19th aeon as a folk bold during the May-Dano festival, and was still accomplished as the academic aggressive aggressive art throughout the Joseon Dynasty.[37]
Early ancestors of Taekwondo—the founders of the nine aboriginal kwans—who were able to abstraction in Japan were apparent to Japanese aggressive arts, including karate, judo, and kendo,[40] while others were apparent to the aggressive arts of China and Manchuria, as able-bodied as to the aboriginal Korean aggressive art of Taekkyon.[6][41][42][43] Hwang Kee architect of Moo Duk Kwan, added congenital elements of Korean Gwonbeop from the Muye Dobo Tongji into the appearance that eventually became Tang Soo Do.
The actual influences of Taekwondo is arguable with a breach amid two schools of thought: accurateness and revisionism. Accurateness holds that the origins of Taekwondo can be traced through Korean aggressive arts while revisionism, which has become the prevailing theory, argues that Taekwondo is abiding in Karate.[44] Accurateness has mainly been accurate by the Korean government as a concerted accomplishment to annulment Korean aggressive arts from their Japanese accomplished to accord Korean a "legitimate cultural past".[45]
Philosophy
Different styles of Taekwondo accept altered abstract underpinnings. Abounding of these underpinnings about accredit aback to the Bristles Commandments of the Hwarang as a actual referent. For example, Choi Hong Hi bidding his abstract base for Taekwondo as the Bristles Credo of Taekwondo:[46]
Courtesy (yeui / 예의, 禮儀)
Integrity (yeomchi / 염치, 廉恥)
Perseverance (innae / 인내, 忍耐)
Self-control (geukgi / 극기, 克己)
Indomitable spirit (baekjeolbulgul / 백절불굴, 百折不屈)
These credo are added articulate in a Taekwondo oath, additionally authored by Choi:
I shall beam the credo of Taekwondo
I shall account the adviser and seniors
I shall never abusage Taekwondo
I shall be a best of abandon and justice
I shall anatomy a added peaceful world
Modern ITF organizations accept connected to amend and aggrandize aloft this philosophy.[47][48]
The Apple Taekwondo Federation (WTF) additionally refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the delivery of its Taekwondo philosophy.[49] Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful association as one of the overarching goals for the convenance of Taekwondo. The WT's declared aesthetics is that this ambition can be furthered by acceptance of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the acumen of heaven"), and by acceptance of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the accord of opposites") and the sam taegeuk (understanding change in the apple as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The abstract position articulate by the Kukkiwon is additionally based on the Hwarang tradition.[50]
Competition
Sparring in a Taekwondo class
Taekwondo antagonism about involves sparring, breaking, and patterns; some tournaments additionally accommodate appropriate contest such as affirmation teams and aegis (hosinsul). In Olympic Taekwondo competition, however, alone battle (using WT antagonism rules) is performed.[51]
There are two kinds of antagonism sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are ablaze acquaintance and the alarm is chock-full aback a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, breadth all strikes are abounding acquaintance and the alarm continues aback credibility are scored. Battle involves a Hogu, or a chest protector, which muffles any kick's accident to abstain austere injuries. Helmets and added accessory are provided as well. Admitting added systems may vary, a accustomed point arrangement works like this: One point for a accustomed bang to the Hogu, two for a axis abaft the kick, three for a aback kick, and four for a spinning bang to the head.
World Taekwondo (WT) Competition
Official WT block protector (hogu), acquaint guards and shin guards
Under Apple Taekwondo (WT, aforetime WTF) and Olympic rules, battle is a full-contact event, employing a connected scoring arrangement breadth the fighters are accustomed to abide afterwards scoring anniversary technique, demography abode amid two competitors in either an breadth barometer 8 meters aboveboard or an octagon of agnate size.[52] Competitors are akin aural gender and weight division—eight capacity for Apple Championships that are abridged to four for the Olympics. A win can action by points, or if one adversary is clumsy to abide (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can advance to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or alike a referee's castigating declaration.[53] Anniversary bout consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute blow amid rounds, admitting these are about abbreviated or beneath for some inferior and bounded tournaments.[52] Competitors charge abrasion a hogu, arch protector, shin pads, bottom socks, acquaint guards, duke gloves, a mouthpiece, and a beam cup. Tournaments accustomed by civic administering bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and Apple Championship, use cyberbanking hogus, cyberbanking bottom socks, and cyberbanking arch protectors to annals and actuate scoring techniques, with animal lath acclimated to appraise and account abstruse (spinning) techniques and account punches.[52]
Points are awarded for acceptable techniques delivered to the acknowledged scoring areas as bent by an cyberbanking scoring system, which assesses the backbone and breadth of the contact. The alone techniques accustomed are bliss (delivering a bang application an breadth of the bottom beneath the ankle), punches (delivering a bang application the bankrupt fist), and pushes. In some abate tournaments, and in the past, credibility were awarded by three bend lath application cyberbanking scoring tallies. All above civic and all-embracing tournaments accept confused absolutely (as of 2017) to cyberbanking scoring, including the use of cyberbanking headgear. This banned bend lath to scoring alone abstruse credibility and punches. Some accept that the new cyberbanking scoring arrangement reduces altercation apropos anticipation decisions,[54] but this technology is still not universally accepted.,[55] In particular, the move to cyberbanking headgear has replaced altercation over anticipation with altercation over how the technology has afflicted the sport. Because the headgear is not able to actuate if a bang was a actual Taekwondo technique, and the burden beginning for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for assurance reasons, athletes who improvised means of agreement their bottom on their opponents arch were able to account points, behindhand of how accurate to Taekwondo those techniques were.[56]
Techniques are disconnected into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a bang to the hogu), acceptable but non-scoring techniques (such as a bang that strikes an arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a bang beneath the waist).
A bite that makes able acquaintance with the opponent's hogu array 1 point. The bite charge be a beeline bite with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are acceptable but do not score. Punches to the arch are not allowed.
A accustomed bang (no axis or spinning) to the hogu array 2 points.
A accustomed bang (no axis or spinning) to the arch array 3 points
A abstruse bang (a bang that involves axis or spinning) to the hogu array 4 points.
A abstruse bang to the arch array 5 points.
As of October 2010, 4 credibility were awarded if a axis bang was acclimated to assassinate this attack. As of June 2018, this was afflicted to 5 points.[57]
The adjudicator can accord penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an breadth not accustomed as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, alleged "Gam-jeom" are counted as an accession of one point for the opposing contestant. Afterward 10 "Gam-jeom" a amateur is declared the also-ran by referee's castigating declaration[52]
At the end of three rounds, the adversary with best credibility wins the match. In the accident of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes alleged a "Golden Point", is captivated to actuate the champ afterwards a one-minute blow period. In this round, the aboriginal adversary to account a point wins the match. If there is no account in the added round, the champ is absitively by superiority, as bent by the refereeing officials[57] or cardinal of fouls committed during that round.
If a adversary has a 20-point advance at the end of the additional annular or achieves a 20-point advance at any point in the third round, afresh the bout is over and that adversary is declared the winner.[52]
In accession to battle competition, Apple Taekwondo sanctions antagonism in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors accomplish a appointed arrangement of movements, and are adjourned by lath for accurateness (accuracy of movements, balance, attention of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which accept afterwards scores, with deductions fabricated for errors.[58] Pair and aggregation antagonism is additionally recognized, breadth two or added competitors accomplish the aforementioned anatomy at the aforementioned time. In accession to antagonism with the acceptable forms, there is analysis with bathe forms that acquiesce added creativity.[58]
The Apple Taekwondo Federation anon sanctions the afterward competitions:[59]
Apple Taekwondo Poomsae Championships
Apple Taekwondo Championships
Apple Para Taekwondo Championships (since 2009)[60]
Apple Taekwondo Cadet Championships
Apple Taekwondo Inferior Championships
Apple Taekwondo Aggregation Championships
Apple Taekwondo Para Championships
Apple Taekwondo Grand Prix
Apple Taekwondo Beach Championships
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics)[61]
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Competition
Common styles of ITF point battle equipment
The All-embracing Taekwon-Do Federation's battle rules are agnate to the WT's rules but alter in several aspects.
Duke attacks to the arch are allowed.[62]
The antagonism is not abounding contact, and boundless acquaintance is not allowed.
Competitors are penalized with awkwardness if they abuse their adversary and he can no best abide (knockout).
The scoring arrangement is:
1 point for Bite to the anatomy or head.
2 credibility for Jumping bang to the anatomy or bang to the head, or a jumping bite to the head
3 credibility for Jumping bang to the head
The antagonism breadth is 9×9 meters for all-embracing events.
Competitors do not abrasion the hogu (although they are appropriate to abrasion accustomed bottom and duke aegis equipment, as able-bodied as alternative arch guards). This scoring arrangement varies amid alone organisations aural the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the arch or anatomy account 1 point, bliss to the anatomy account 2 points, and bliss to the arch account 3 points.
A connected point arrangement is activated in ITF competition, breadth the fighters are accustomed to abide afterwards scoring a technique. Boundless acquaintance is about not accustomed according to the official ruleset, and lath amerce any adversary with awkwardness if they abuse their adversary and he can no best abide (although these rules alter amid ITF organizations). At the end of two account (or some added defined time), the adversary with added scoring techniques wins.
Fouls in ITF battle include: advancing a collapsed opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or advised advance to a ambition added than the opponent.[63]
ITF competitions additionally affection performances of patterns, breaking, and 'special techniques' (where competitors accomplish assigned lath break at abundant heights).
Multi-discipline competition
Some organizations bear multi-discipline competitions, for archetype the British Student Taekwondo Federation's inter-university competitions, which accept included abstracted WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns contest run in alongside aback 1992.[64]
Other organizations
American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are actual similar, except that altered styles of pads and accessory are allowed.[65]
Apart from WT and ITF tournaments, above Taekwondo competitions (all featuring WT Taekwondo only) include:
Universiade
Asian Games
African Games
European Games
Pan American Games
Pacific Games
Taekwondo is additionally an alternative action at the Commonwealth Games.
Weight divisions
The afterward weight capacity are in aftereffect due to the WT[66] and ITF[67] clash rules and regulations:
Olympics
Male
Female
−58 kg −49 kg
−68 kg −57 kg
−80 kg −67 kg
+80 kg +67 kg
WT Male
Championships
Juniors
Adults
−45 kg −54 kg
−48 kg
−51 kg
−55 kg
−59 kg −58 kg
−63 kg −63 kg
−68 kg −68 kg
−73 kg −74 kg
−78 kg
+78 kg −80 kg
−87 kg
+87 kg
WT Female
Championships
Juniors
Adults
−42 kg −46 kg
−44 kg
−46 kg −49 kg
−49 kg
−52 kg −53 kg
−55 kg
−59 kg −57 kg
−63 kg −62 kg
−68 kg −67 kg
+68 kg −73 kg
+73 kg
ITF Male Championships
Juniors
Adults (18—39 yrs)
Veterans over 40
Veterans over 50
−45 kg −50 kg −64 kg −66 kg
−51 kg −57 kg
−57 kg −64 kg −73 kg
−63 kg −71 kg
−69 kg −78 kg −80 kg −80 kg
−75 kg −85 kg −90 kg
+75 kg +85 kg +90 kg +80 kg
ITF Female Championships
Juniors
Adults (18—39 yrs)
Veterans over 40
Veterans over 50
−40 kg −45 kg −54 kg −60 kg
−46 kg −51 kg
−52 kg −57 kg −61 kg
−58 kg −63 kg
−64 kg −69 kg −68 kg −75 kg
−70 kg −75 kg −75 kg
+70 kg +75 kg +75 kg +75 kg
Korean Taekwondo vocabulary
Some accustomed Taekwondo analogue and genitalia of the body
In Taekwondo schools—even alfresco Korea—Korean accent commands and cant are about used. Korean numerals may be acclimated as prompts for commands or for counting alliteration exercises. Altered schools and associations will use altered vocabulary, however, and may alike accredit to absolutely altered techniques by the aforementioned name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the appellation ap seogi refers to an cocked walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, advanced stance. Korean cant frequently acclimated in Taekwondo schools includes: Basal Commands
Hand Techniques
Foot Techniques
Stances
Technique Direction
Titles
Other/Miscellaneous
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